3 The calculator has the following built-in types.
6 This is the undefined value type. The function 'null'
7 returns this value. Functions which do not explicitly
8 return a value return this type. If a function is called
9 with fewer parameters than it is defined for, then the
10 missing parameters have the null type. The null value is
11 false if used in an IF test.
14 This is the basic data type of the calculator.
15 These are fractions whose numerators and denominators
16 can be arbitrarily large. The fractions are always
17 in lowest terms. Integers have a denominator of 1.
18 The numerator of the number contains the sign, so that
19 the denominator is always positive. When a number is
20 entered in floating point or exponential notation, it is
21 immediately converted to the appropriate fractional value.
22 Printing a value as a floating point or exponential value
23 involves a conversion from the fractional representation.
25 Numbers are stored in binary format, so that in general,
26 bit tests and shifts are quicker than multiplies and divides.
27 Similarly, entering or displaying of numbers in binary,
28 octal, or hex formats is quicker than in decimal. The
29 sign of a number does not affect the bit representation
33 Complex numbers are composed of real and imaginary parts,
34 which are both fractions as defined above. An integer which
35 is followed by an 'i' character is a pure imaginary number.
36 Complex numbers such as "2+3i" when typed in, are processed
37 as the sum of a real and pure imaginary number, resulting
38 in the desired complex number. Therefore, parenthesis are
39 sometimes necessary to avoid confusion, as in the two values:
42 (1+2i) ^2 (which is -3+4i)
44 Similar care is required when entering fractional complex
45 numbers. Note the differences below:
47 3/4i (which is -(3/4)i)
48 3i/4 (which is (3/4)i)
50 The imaginary unit itself is input using "1i".
53 Strings are a sequence of zero or more characters.
54 They are input using either of the single or double
55 quote characters. The quote mark which starts the
56 string also ends it. Various special characters can
57 also be inserted using back-slash. Example strings:
65 There is no distinction between single character and
66 multi-character strings. The 'str' and 'ord' functions
67 will convert between a single character string and its
68 numeric value. The 'str' and 'eval' functions will
69 convert between longer strings and the corresponding
70 numeric value (if legal). The 'strcat', 'strlen', and
71 'substr' functions are also useful.
74 These are one to four dimensional matrices, whose minimum
75 and maximum bounds can be specified at runtime. Unlike C,
76 the minimum bounds of a matrix do not have to start at 0.
77 The elements of a matrix can be of any type. There are
78 several built-in functions for matrices. Matrices are
79 created using the 'mat' statement.
82 These are one to four dimensional matrices which can be
83 indexed by arbitrary values, instead of just integers.
84 These are also known as associative arrays. The elements of
85 an association can be of any type. Very few operations are
86 permitted on an association except for indexing. Associations
87 are created using the 'assoc' function.
90 These are a sequence of values, which are linked together
91 so that elements can be easily be inserted or removed
92 anywhere in the list. The values can be of any type.
93 Lists are created using the 'list' function.
96 These are text files opened using stdio. Files may be opened
97 for sequential reading, writing, or appending. Opening a
98 file using the 'fopen' function returns a value which can
99 then be used to perform I/O to that file. File values can
100 be copied by normal assignments between variables, or by
101 using the result of the 'files' function. Such copies are
102 indistinguishable from each other.