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10 </style><title>Python and bindings</title></head><body bgcolor="#8b7765" text="#000000" link="#000000" vlink="#000000"><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"><tr><td width="180"><a href="http://www.gnome.org/"><img src="gnome2.png" alt="Gnome2 Logo" /></a><a href="http://www.w3.org/Status"><img src="w3c.png" alt="W3C Logo" /></a><a href="http://www.redhat.com/"><img src="redhat.gif" alt="Red Hat Logo" /></a><div align="left"><a href="http://xmlsoft.org/"><img src="Libxml2-Logo-180x168.gif" alt="Made with Libxml2 Logo" /></a></div></td><td><table border="0" width="90%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="center" bgcolor="#000000"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#fffacd"><tr><td align="center"><h1>The XML C parser and toolkit of Gnome</h1><h2>Python and bindings</h2></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="100%" align="center"><tr><td bgcolor="#8b7765"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr><td valign="top" width="200" bgcolor="#8b7765"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" width="100%" bgcolor="#000000"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td colspan="1" bgcolor="#eecfa1" align="center"><center><b>Developer Menu</b></center></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#fffacd"><form action="search.php" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" method="get"><input name="query" type="text" size="20" value="" /><input name="submit" type="submit" value="Search ..." /></form><ul><li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li><li><a href="guidelines.html">XML Guidelines</a></li><li><a href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial</a></li><li><a href="xmlreader.html">The Reader Interface</a></li><li><a href="XSLT.html">XSLT</a></li><li><a href="python.html">Python and bindings</a></li><li><a href="architecture.html">libxml2 architecture</a></li><li><a href="tree.html">The tree output</a></li><li><a href="interface.html">The SAX interface</a></li><li><a href="xmlmem.html">Memory Management</a></li><li><a href="xmlio.html">I/O Interfaces</a></li><li><a href="library.html">The parser interfaces</a></li><li><a href="entities.html">Entities or no entities</a></li><li><a href="namespaces.html">Namespaces</a></li><li><a href="upgrade.html">Upgrading 1.x code</a></li><li><a href="threads.html">Thread safety</a></li><li><a href="DOM.html">DOM Principles</a></li><li><a href="example.html">A real example</a></li><li><a href="xml.html">flat page</a>, <a href="site.xsl">stylesheet</a></li></ul></td></tr></table><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td colspan="1" bgcolor="#eecfa1" align="center"><center><b>API Indexes</b></center></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#fffacd"><ul><li><a href="APIchunk0.html">Alphabetic</a></li><li><a href="APIconstructors.html">Constructors</a></li><li><a href="APIfunctions.html">Functions/Types</a></li><li><a href="APIfiles.html">Modules</a></li><li><a href="APIsymbols.html">Symbols</a></li></ul></td></tr></table><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td colspan="1" bgcolor="#eecfa1" align="center"><center><b>Related links</b></center></td></tr><tr><td bgcolor="#fffacd"><ul><li><a href="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/">Mail archive</a></li><li><a href="http://xmlsoft.org/XSLT/">XSLT libxslt</a></li><li><a href="http://phd.cs.unibo.it/gdome2/">DOM gdome2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.aleksey.com/xmlsec/">XML-DSig xmlsec</a></li><li><a href="ftp://xmlsoft.org/">FTP</a></li><li><a href="http://www.zlatkovic.com/projects/libxml/">Windows binaries</a></li><li><a href="http://garypennington.net/libxml2/">Solaris binaries</a></li><li><a href="http://www.zveno.com/open_source/libxml2xslt.html">MacOsX binaries</a></li><li><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/libxml2-pas/">Pascal bindings</a></li><li><a href="http://bugzilla.gnome.org/buglist.cgi?product=libxml2">Bug Tracker</a></li></ul></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td valign="top" bgcolor="#8b7765"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" width="100%"><tr><td><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" width="100%" bgcolor="#000000"><tr><td><table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" width="100%"><tr><td bgcolor="#fffacd"><p>There are a number of language bindings and wrappers available for
11 libxml2, the list below is not exhaustive. Please contact the <a href="http://mail.gnome.org/mailman/listinfo/xml-bindings">xml-bindings@gnome.org</a>
12 (<a href="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml-bindings/">archives</a>) in
13 order to get updates to this list or to discuss the specific topic of libxml2
14 or libxslt wrappers or bindings:</p><ul><li><a href="http://libxmlplusplus.sourceforge.net/">Libxml++</a> seems the
15 most up-to-date C++ bindings for libxml2, check the <a href="http://libxmlplusplus.sourceforge.net/reference/html/hierarchy.html">documentation</a>
16 and the <a href="http://cvs.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/libxmlplusplus/libxml%2b%2b/examples/">examples</a>.</li>
17 <li>There is another <a href="http://libgdome-cpp.berlios.de/">C++ wrapper
18 based on the gdome2 bindings</a> maintained by Tobias Peters.</li>
19 <li>and a third C++ wrapper by Peter Jones <pjones@pmade.org>
20 <p>Website: <a href="http://pmade.org/pjones/software/xmlwrapp/">http://pmade.org/pjones/software/xmlwrapp/</a></p>
22 <li><a href="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/2001-March/msg00014.html">Matt
23 Sergeant</a> developed <a href="http://axkit.org/download/">XML::LibXSLT</a>, a Perl wrapper for
24 libxml2/libxslt as part of the <a href="http://axkit.com/">AxKit XML
25 application server</a>.</li>
26 <li><a href="mailto:dkuhlman@cutter.rexx.com">Dave Kuhlman</a> provides an
27 earlier version of the libxml/libxslt <a href="http://www.rexx.com/~dkuhlman">wrappers for Python</a>.</li>
28 <li>Gopal.V and Peter Minten develop <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/libxmlsharp">libxml#</a>, a set of
29 C# libxml2 bindings.</li>
30 <li>Petr Kozelka provides <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/libxml2-pas">Pascal units to glue
31 libxml2</a> with Kylix, Delphi and other Pascal compilers.</li>
32 <li>Uwe Fechner also provides <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/idom2-pas/">idom2</a>, a DOM2
33 implementation for Kylix2/D5/D6 from Borland.</li>
34 <li>Wai-Sun "Squidster" Chia provides <a href="http://www.rubycolor.org/arc/redist/">bindings for Ruby</a> and
35 libxml2 bindings are also available in Ruby through the <a href="http://libgdome-ruby.berlios.de/">libgdome-ruby</a> module
36 maintained by Tobias Peters.</li>
37 <li>Steve Ball and contributors maintains <a href="http://tclxml.sourceforge.net/">libxml2 and libxslt bindings for
39 <li>There is support for libxml2 in the DOM module of PHP.</li>
40 <li><a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/classpathx/">LibxmlJ</a> is
41 an effort to create a 100% JAXP-compatible Java wrapper for libxml2 and
42 libxslt as part of GNU ClasspathX project.</li>
43 </ul><p>The distribution includes a set of Python bindings, which are guaranteed
44 to be maintained as part of the library in the future, though the Python
45 interface have not yet reached the completeness of the C API.</p><p><a href="mailto:stephane.bidoul@softwareag.com">Stéphane Bidoul</a>
46 maintains <a href="http://users.skynet.be/sbi/libxml-python/">a Windows port
47 of the Python bindings</a>.</p><p>Note to people interested in building bindings, the API is formalized as
48 <a href="libxml2-api.xml">an XML API description file</a> which allows to
49 automate a large part of the Python bindings, this includes function
50 descriptions, enums, structures, typedefs, etc... The Python script used to
51 build the bindings is python/generator.py in the source distribution.</p><p>To install the Python bindings there are 2 options:</p><ul><li>If you use an RPM based distribution, simply install the <a href="http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=libxml2-python">libxml2-python
52 RPM</a> (and if needed the <a href="http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=libxslt-python">libxslt-python
54 <li>Otherwise use the <a href="ftp://xmlsoft.org/python/">libxml2-python
55 module distribution</a> corresponding to your installed version of
56 libxml2 and libxslt. Note that to install it you will need both libxml2
57 and libxslt installed and run "python setup.py build install" in the
59 </ul><p>The distribution includes a set of examples and regression tests for the
60 python bindings in the <code>python/tests</code> directory. Here are some
61 excerpts from those tests:</p><h3>tst.py:</h3><p>This is a basic test of the file interface and DOM navigation:</p><pre>import libxml2
63 doc = libxml2.parseFile("tst.xml")
64 if doc.name != "tst.xml":
65 print "doc.name failed"
68 if root.name != "doc":
69 print "root.name failed"
72 if child.name != "foo":
73 print "child.name failed"
75 doc.freeDoc()</pre><p>The Python module is called libxml2; parseFile is the equivalent of
76 xmlParseFile (most of the bindings are automatically generated, and the xml
77 prefix is removed and the casing convention are kept). All node seen at the
78 binding level share the same subset of accessors:</p><ul><li><code>name</code> : returns the node name</li>
79 <li><code>type</code> : returns a string indicating the node type</li>
80 <li><code>content</code> : returns the content of the node, it is based on
81 xmlNodeGetContent() and hence is recursive.</li>
82 <li><code>parent</code> , <code>children</code>, <code>last</code>,
83 <code>next</code>, <code>prev</code>, <code>doc</code>,
84 <code>properties</code>: pointing to the associated element in the tree,
85 those may return None in case no such link exists.</li>
86 </ul><p>Also note the need to explicitly deallocate documents with freeDoc() .
87 Reference counting for libxml2 trees would need quite a lot of work to
88 function properly, and rather than risk memory leaks if not implemented
89 correctly it sounds safer to have an explicit function to free a tree. The
90 wrapper python objects like doc, root or child are them automatically garbage
91 collected.</p><h3>validate.py:</h3><p>This test check the validation interfaces and redirection of error
92 messages:</p><pre>import libxml2
94 #deactivate error messages from the validation
98 libxml2.registerErrorHandler(noerr, None)
100 ctxt = libxml2.createFileParserCtxt("invalid.xml")
104 valid = ctxt.isValid()
107 print "validity check failed"</pre><p>The first thing to notice is the call to registerErrorHandler(), it
108 defines a new error handler global to the library. It is used to avoid seeing
109 the error messages when trying to validate the invalid document.</p><p>The main interest of that test is the creation of a parser context with
110 createFileParserCtxt() and how the behaviour can be changed before calling
111 parseDocument() . Similarly the informations resulting from the parsing phase
112 are also available using context methods.</p><p>Contexts like nodes are defined as class and the libxml2 wrappers maps the
113 C function interfaces in terms of objects method as much as possible. The
114 best to get a complete view of what methods are supported is to look at the
115 libxml2.py module containing all the wrappers.</p><h3>push.py:</h3><p>This test show how to activate the push parser interface:</p><pre>import libxml2
117 ctxt = libxml2.createPushParser(None, "<foo", 4, "test.xml")
118 ctxt.parseChunk("/>", 2, 1)
121 doc.freeDoc()</pre><p>The context is created with a special call based on the
122 xmlCreatePushParser() from the C library. The first argument is an optional
123 SAX callback object, then the initial set of data, the length and the name of
124 the resource in case URI-References need to be computed by the parser.</p><p>Then the data are pushed using the parseChunk() method, the last call
125 setting the third argument terminate to 1.</p><h3>pushSAX.py:</h3><p>this test show the use of the event based parsing interfaces. In this case
126 the parser does not build a document, but provides callback information as
127 the parser makes progresses analyzing the data being provided:</p><pre>import libxml2
131 def startDocument(self):
133 log = log + "startDocument:"
135 def endDocument(self):
137 log = log + "endDocument:"
139 def startElement(self, tag, attrs):
141 log = log + "startElement %s %s:" % (tag, attrs)
143 def endElement(self, tag):
145 log = log + "endElement %s:" % (tag)
147 def characters(self, data):
149 log = log + "characters: %s:" % (data)
151 def warning(self, msg):
153 log = log + "warning: %s:" % (msg)
155 def error(self, msg):
157 log = log + "error: %s:" % (msg)
159 def fatalError(self, msg):
161 log = log + "fatalError: %s:" % (msg)
165 ctxt = libxml2.createPushParser(handler, "<foo", 4, "test.xml")
166 chunk = " url='tst'>b"
167 ctxt.parseChunk(chunk, len(chunk), 0)
168 chunk = "ar</foo>"
169 ctxt.parseChunk(chunk, len(chunk), 1)
171 reference = "startDocument:startElement foo {'url': 'tst'}:" + \
172 "characters: bar:endElement foo:endDocument:"
174 print "Error got: %s" % log
175 print "Expected: %s" % reference</pre><p>The key object in that test is the handler, it provides a number of entry
176 points which can be called by the parser as it makes progresses to indicate
177 the information set obtained. The full set of callback is larger than what
178 the callback class in that specific example implements (see the SAX
179 definition for a complete list). The wrapper will only call those supplied by
180 the object when activated. The startElement receives the names of the element
181 and a dictionary containing the attributes carried by this element.</p><p>Also note that the reference string generated from the callback shows a
182 single character call even though the string "bar" is passed to the parser
183 from 2 different call to parseChunk()</p><h3>xpath.py:</h3><p>This is a basic test of XPath wrappers support</p><pre>import libxml2
185 doc = libxml2.parseFile("tst.xml")
186 ctxt = doc.xpathNewContext()
187 res = ctxt.xpathEval("//*")
189 print "xpath query: wrong node set size"
191 if res[0].name != "doc" or res[1].name != "foo":
192 print "xpath query: wrong node set value"
195 ctxt.xpathFreeContext()</pre><p>This test parses a file, then create an XPath context to evaluate XPath
196 expression on it. The xpathEval() method execute an XPath query and returns
197 the result mapped in a Python way. String and numbers are natively converted,
198 and node sets are returned as a tuple of libxml2 Python nodes wrappers. Like
199 the document, the XPath context need to be freed explicitly, also not that
200 the result of the XPath query may point back to the document tree and hence
201 the document must be freed after the result of the query is used.</p><h3>xpathext.py:</h3><p>This test shows how to extend the XPath engine with functions written in
202 python:</p><pre>import libxml2
207 doc = libxml2.parseFile("tst.xml")
208 ctxt = doc.xpathNewContext()
209 libxml2.registerXPathFunction(ctxt._o, "foo", None, foo)
210 res = ctxt.xpathEval("foo(1)")
212 print "xpath extension failure"
214 ctxt.xpathFreeContext()</pre><p>Note how the extension function is registered with the context (but that
215 part is not yet finalized, this may change slightly in the future).</p><h3>tstxpath.py:</h3><p>This test is similar to the previous one but shows how the extension
216 function can access the XPath evaluation context:</p><pre>def foo(ctx, x):
220 # test that access to the XPath evaluation contexts
222 pctxt = libxml2.xpathParserContext(_obj=ctx)
223 ctxt = pctxt.context()
224 called = ctxt.function()
225 return x + 1</pre><p>All the interfaces around the XPath parser(or rather evaluation) context
226 are not finalized, but it should be sufficient to do contextual work at the
227 evaluation point.</p><h3>Memory debugging:</h3><p>last but not least, all tests starts with the following prologue:</p><pre>#memory debug specific
228 libxml2.debugMemory(1)</pre><p>and ends with the following epilogue:</p><pre>#memory debug specific
229 libxml2.cleanupParser()
230 if libxml2.debugMemory(1) == 0:
233 print "Memory leak %d bytes" % (libxml2.debugMemory(1))
234 libxml2.dumpMemory()</pre><p>Those activate the memory debugging interface of libxml2 where all
235 allocated block in the library are tracked. The prologue then cleans up the
236 library state and checks that all allocated memory has been freed. If not it
237 calls dumpMemory() which saves that list in a <code>.memdump</code> file.</p><p><a href="bugs.html">Daniel Veillard</a></p></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></body></html>