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98 <p>Table of Content:</p>
100 <li><a href="General2">General overview</a></li>
101 <li><a href="#definition">The definition</a></li>
102 <li><a href="#Simple">Using catalogs</a></li>
103 <li><a href="#Some">Some examples</a></li>
104 <li><a href="#reference">How to tune catalog usage</a></li>
105 <li><a href="#validate">How to debug catalog processing</a></li>
106 <li><a href="#Declaring">How to create and maintain catalogs</a></li>
107 <li><a href="#implemento">The implementor corner quick review of the
109 <li><a href="#Other">Other resources</a></li>
111 <h3><a name="General2">General overview</a></h3>
112 <p>What is a catalog? Basically it's a lookup mechanism used when an entity
113 (a file or a remote resource) references another entity. The catalog lookup
114 is inserted between the moment the reference is recognized by the software
115 (XML parser, stylesheet processing, or even images referenced for inclusion
116 in a rendering) and the time where loading that resource is actually
118 <p>It is basically used for 3 things:</p>
120 <li>mapping from "logical" names, the public identifiers and a more
121 concrete name usable for download (and URI). For example it can associate
123 <p>"-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"</p>
124 <p>of the DocBook 4.1.2 XML DTD with the actual URL where it can be
126 <p>http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd</p>
128 <li>remapping from a given URL to another one, like an HTTP indirection
130 <p>"http://www.oasis-open.org/committes/tr.xsl"</p>
131 <p>should really be looked at</p>
132 <p>"http://www.oasis-open.org/committes/entity/stylesheets/base/tr.xsl"</p>
134 <li>providing a local cache mechanism allowing to load the entities
135 associated to public identifiers or remote resources, this is a really
136 important feature for any significant deployment of XML or SGML since it
137 allows to avoid the aleas and delays associated to fetching remote
140 <h3><a name="definition">The definitions</a></h3>
141 <p>Libxml, as of 2.4.3 implements 2 kind of catalogs:</p>
143 <li>the older SGML catalogs, the official spec is SGML Open Technical
144 Resolution TR9401:1997, but is better understood by reading <a href="http://www.jclark.com/sp/catalog.htm">the SP Catalog page</a> from
145 James Clark. This is relatively old and not the preferred mode of
146 operation of libxml.</li>
148 <a href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/spec.html">XML
149 Catalogs</a> is far more flexible, more recent, uses an XML syntax and
150 should scale quite better. This is the default option of libxml.</li>
153 <h3><a name="Simple">Using catalog</a></h3>
154 <p>In a normal environment libxml will by default check the presence of a
155 catalog in /etc/xml/catalog, and assuming it has been correctly populated,
156 the processing is completely transparent to the document user. To take a
157 concrete example, suppose you are authoring a DocBook document, this one
158 starts with the following DOCTYPE definition:</p>
159 <pre><?xml version='1.0'?>
160 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//Norman Walsh//DTD DocBk XML V3.1.4//EN"
161 "http://nwalsh.com/docbook/xml/3.1.4/db3xml.dtd"></pre>
162 <p>When validating the document with libxml, the catalog will be
163 automatically consulted to lookup the public identifier "-//Norman Walsh//DTD
164 DocBk XML V3.1.4//EN" and the system identifier
165 "http://nwalsh.com/docbook/xml/3.1.4/db3xml.dtd", and if these entities have
166 been installed on your system and the catalogs actually point to them, libxml
167 will fetch them from the local disk.</p>
168 <p style="font-size: 10pt">
169 <strong>Note</strong>: Really don't use this
170 DOCTYPE example it's a really old version, but is fine as an example.</p>
171 <p>Libxml will check the catalog each time that it is requested to load an
172 entity, this includes DTD, external parsed entities, stylesheets, etc ... If
173 your system is correctly configured all the authoring phase and processing
174 should use only local files, even if your document stays portable because it
175 uses the canonical public and system ID, referencing the remote document.</p>
176 <h3><a name="Some">Some examples:</a></h3>
177 <p>Here is a couple of fragments from XML Catalogs used in libxml early
178 regression tests in <code>test/catalogs</code> :</p>
179 <pre><?xml version="1.0"?>
180 <!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC
181 "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN"
182 "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
183 <catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog">
184 <public publicId="-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
185 uri="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd"/>
187 <p>This is the beginning of a catalog for DocBook 4.1.2, XML Catalogs are
188 written in XML, there is a specific namespace for catalog elements
189 "urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog". The first entry in this
190 catalog is a <code>public</code> mapping it allows to associate a Public
191 Identifier with an URI.</p>
193 <rewriteSystem systemIdStartString="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/"
194 rewritePrefix="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook/"/>
196 <p>A <code>rewriteSystem</code> is a very powerful instruction, it says that
197 any URI starting with a given prefix should be looked at another URI
198 constructed by replacing the prefix with an new one. In effect this acts like
199 a cache system for a full area of the Web. In practice it is extremely useful
200 with a file prefix if you have installed a copy of those resources on your
203 <delegatePublic publicIdStartString="-//OASIS//DTD XML Catalog //"
204 catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
205 <delegatePublic publicIdStartString="-//OASIS//ENTITIES DocBook XML"
206 catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
207 <delegatePublic publicIdStartString="-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML"
208 catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
209 <delegateSystem systemIdStartString="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/"
210 catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
211 <delegateURI uriStartString="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/"
212 catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
214 <p>Delegation is the core features which allows to build a tree of catalogs,
215 easier to maintain than a single catalog, based on Public Identifier, System
216 Identifier or URI prefixes it instructs the catalog software to look up
217 entries in another resource. This feature allow to build hierarchies of
218 catalogs, the set of entries presented should be sufficient to redirect the
219 resolution of all DocBook references to the specific catalog in
220 <code>/usr/share/xml/docbook.xml</code> this one in turn could delegate all
221 references for DocBook 4.2.1 to a specific catalog installed at the same time
222 as the DocBook resources on the local machine.</p>
223 <h3><a name="reference">How to tune catalog usage:</a></h3>
224 <p>The user can change the default catalog behaviour by redirecting queries
225 to its own set of catalogs, this can be done by setting the
226 <code>XML_CATALOG_FILES</code> environment variable to a list of catalogs, an
227 empty one should deactivate loading the default <code>/etc/xml/catalog</code>
229 <h3><a name="validate">How to debug catalog processing:</a></h3>
230 <p>Setting up the <code>XML_DEBUG_CATALOG</code> environment variable will
231 make libxml output debugging informations for each catalog operations, for
233 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> xmllint --memory --noout test/ent2
234 warning: failed to load external entity "title.xml"
235 orchis:~/XML -> export XML_DEBUG_CATALOG=
236 orchis:~/XML -> xmllint --memory --noout test/ent2
237 Failed to parse catalog /etc/xml/catalog
238 Failed to parse catalog /etc/xml/catalog
239 warning: failed to load external entity "title.xml"
241 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
242 <p>The test/ent2 references an entity, running the parser from memory makes
243 the base URI unavailable and the the "title.xml" entity cannot be loaded.
244 Setting up the debug environment variable allows to detect that an attempt is
245 made to load the <code>/etc/xml/catalog</code> but since it's not present the
246 resolution fails.</p>
247 <p>But the most advanced way to debug XML catalog processing is to use the
248 <strong>xmlcatalog</strong> command shipped with libxml2, it allows to load
249 catalogs and make resolution queries to see what is going on. This is also
250 used for the regression tests:</p>
251 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog test/catalogs/docbook.xml \
252 "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
253 http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd
254 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
255 <p>For debugging what is going on, adding one -v flags increase the verbosity
256 level to indicate the processing done (adding a second flag also indicate
257 what elements are recognized at parsing):</p>
258 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog -v test/catalogs/docbook.xml \
259 "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
260 Parsing catalog test/catalogs/docbook.xml's content
261 Found public match -//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN
262 http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd
264 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
265 <p>A shell interface is also available to debug and process multiple queries
266 (and for regression tests):</p>
267 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog -shell test/catalogs/docbook.xml \
268 "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
271 public PublicID: make a PUBLIC identifier lookup
272 system SystemID: make a SYSTEM identifier lookup
273 resolve PublicID SystemID: do a full resolver lookup
274 add 'type' 'orig' 'replace' : add an entry
275 del 'values' : remove values
276 dump: print the current catalog state
277 debug: increase the verbosity level
278 quiet: decrease the verbosity level
280 > public "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
281 http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd
283 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
284 <p>This should be sufficient for most debugging purpose, this was actually
285 used heavily to debug the XML Catalog implementation itself.</p>
287 <a name="Declaring">How to create and maintain</a> catalogs:</h3>
288 <p>Basically XML Catalogs are XML files, you can either use XML tools to
289 manage them or use <strong>xmlcatalog</strong> for this. The basic step is
290 to create a catalog the -create option provide this facility:</p>
291 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog --create tst.xml
292 <?xml version="1.0"?>
293 <!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN"
294 "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
295 <catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog"/>
296 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
297 <p>By default xmlcatalog does not overwrite the original catalog and save the
298 result on the standard output, this can be overridden using the -noout
299 option. The <code>-add</code> command allows to add entries in the
301 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog --noout --create --add "public" \
302 "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN" \
303 http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd tst.xml
304 orchis:~/XML -> cat tst.xml
305 <?xml version="1.0"?>
306 <!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN" \
307 "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
308 <catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog">
309 <public publicId="-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
310 uri="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd"/>
312 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
313 <p>The <code>-add</code> option will always take 3 parameters even if some of
314 the XML Catalog constructs (like nextCatalog) will have only a single
315 argument, just pass a third empty string, it will be ignored.</p>
316 <p>Similarly the <code>-del</code> option remove matching entries from the
318 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog --del \
319 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" tst.xml
320 <?xml version="1.0"?>
321 <!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN"
322 "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
323 <catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog"/>
324 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
325 <p>The catalog is now empty. Note that the matching of <code>-del</code> is
326 exact and would have worked in a similar fashion with the Public ID
328 <p>This is rudimentary but should be sufficient to manage a not too complex
329 catalog tree of resources.</p>
330 <h3><a name="implemento">The implementor corner quick review of the
332 <p>First, and like for every other module of libxml, there is an
333 automatically generated <a href="html/libxml-catalog.html">API page for
334 catalog support</a>.</p>
335 <p>The header for the catalog interfaces should be included as:</p>
336 <pre>#include <libxml/catalog.h></pre>
337 <p>The API is voluntarily kept very simple. First it is not obvious that
338 applications really need access to it since it is the default behaviour of
339 libxml (Note: it is possible to completely override libxml default catalog by
340 using <a href="html/libxml-parser.html">xmlSetExternalEntityLoader</a> to
341 plug an application specific resolver).</p>
342 <p>Basically libxml support 2 catalog lists:</p>
344 <li>the default one, global shared by all the application</li>
345 <li>a per-document catalog, this one is built if the document uses the
346 <code>oasis-xml-catalog</code> PIs to specify its own catalog list, it is
347 associated to the parser context and destroyed when the parsing context
350 <p>the document one will be used first if it exists.</p>
351 <h4>Initialization routines:</h4>
352 <p>xmlInitializeCatalog(), xmlLoadCatalog() and xmlLoadCatalogs() should be
353 used at startup to initialize the catalog, if the catalog should be
354 initialized with specific values xmlLoadCatalog() or xmlLoadCatalogs()
355 should be called before xmlInitializeCatalog() which would otherwise do a
356 default initialization first.</p>
357 <p>The xmlCatalogAddLocal() call is used by the parser to grow the document
358 own catalog list if needed.</p>
359 <h4>Preferences setup:</h4>
360 <p>The XML Catalog spec requires the possibility to select default
361 preferences between public and system delegation,
362 xmlCatalogSetDefaultPrefer() allows this, xmlCatalogSetDefaults() and
363 xmlCatalogGetDefaults() allow to control if XML Catalogs resolution should
364 be forbidden, allowed for global catalog, for document catalog or both, the
365 default is to allow both.</p>
366 <p>And of course xmlCatalogSetDebug() allows to generate debug messages
367 (through the xmlGenericError() mechanism).</p>
368 <h4>Querying routines:</h4>
369 <p>xmlCatalogResolve(), xmlCatalogResolveSystem(), xmlCatalogResolvePublic()
370 and xmlCatalogResolveURI() are relatively explicit if you read the XML
371 Catalog specification they correspond to section 7 algorithms, they should
372 also work if you have loaded an SGML catalog with a simplified semantic.</p>
373 <p>xmlCatalogLocalResolve() and xmlCatalogLocalResolveURI() are the same but
374 operate on the document catalog list</p>
375 <h4>Cleanup and Miscellaneous:</h4>
376 <p>xmlCatalogCleanup() free-up the global catalog, xmlCatalogFreeLocal() is
377 the per-document equivalent.</p>
378 <p>xmlCatalogAdd() and xmlCatalogRemove() are used to dynamically modify the
379 first catalog in the global list, and xmlCatalogDump() allows to dump a
380 catalog state, those routines are primarily designed for xmlcatalog, I'm not
381 sure that exposing more complex interfaces (like navigation ones) would be
383 <p>The xmlParseCatalogFile() is a function used to load XML Catalog files,
384 it's similar as xmlParseFile() except it bypass all catalog lookups, it's
385 provided because this functionality may be useful for client tools.</p>
386 <h4>threaded environments:</h4>
387 <p>Since the catalog tree is built progressively, some care has been taken to
388 try to avoid troubles in multithreaded environments. The code is now thread
389 safe assuming that the libxml library has been compiled with threads
392 <h3><a name="Other">Other resources</a></h3>
393 <p>The XML Catalog specification is relatively recent so there isn't much
394 literature to point at:</p>
396 <li>You can find a good rant from Norm Walsh about <a href="http://www.arbortext.com/Think_Tank/XML_Resources/Issue_Three/issue_three.html">the
397 need for catalogs</a>, it provides a lot of context informations even if
398 I don't agree with everything presented. Norm also wrote a more recent
399 article <a href="http://wwws.sun.com/software/xml/developers/resolver/article/">XML
400 entities and URI resolvers</a> describing them.</li>
401 <li>An <a href="http://home.ccil.org/~cowan/XML/XCatalog.html">old XML
402 catalog proposal</a> from John Cowan</li>
403 <li>The <a href="http://www.rddl.org/">Resource Directory Description
404 Language</a> (RDDL) another catalog system but more oriented toward
405 providing metadata for XML namespaces.</li>
406 <li>the page from the OASIS Technical <a href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/">Committee on Entity
407 Resolution</a> who maintains XML Catalog, you will find pointers to the
408 specification update, some background and pointers to others tools
409 providing XML Catalog support</li>
410 <li>Here is a <a href="buildDocBookCatalog">shell script</a> to generate
411 XML Catalogs for DocBook 4.1.2 . If it can write to the /etc/xml/
412 directory, it will set-up /etc/xml/catalog and /etc/xml/docbook based on
413 the resources found on the system. Otherwise it will just create
414 ~/xmlcatalog and ~/dbkxmlcatalog and doing:
415 <p><code>export XMLCATALOG=$HOME/xmlcatalog</code></p>
416 <p>should allow to process DocBook documentations without requiring
417 network accesses for the DTD or stylesheets</p>
419 <li>I have uploaded <a href="ftp://xmlsoft.org/test/dbk412catalog.tar.gz">a
420 small tarball</a> containing XML Catalogs for DocBook 4.1.2 which seems
421 to work fine for me too</li>
422 <li>The <a href="http://www.xmlsoft.org/xmlcatalog_man.html">xmlcatalog
426 <p>If you have suggestions for corrections or additions, simply contact
428 <p><a href="bugs.html">Daniel Veillard</a></p>
429 </td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td>
430 </tr></table></td></tr></table>