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22 <h1>The XML C library for Gnome</h1>
23 <h2>The parser interfaces</h2>
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98 <p>This section is directly intended to help programmers getting bootstrapped
99 using the XML library from the C language. It is not intended to be
100 extensive. I hope the automatically generated documents will provide the
101 completeness required, but as a separate set of documents. The interfaces of
102 the XML library are by principle low level, there is nearly zero abstraction.
103 Those interested in a higher level API should <a href="#DOM">look at
105 <p>The <a href="html/libxml-parser.html">parser interfaces for XML</a> are
106 separated from the <a href="html/libxml-htmlparser.html">HTML parser
107 interfaces</a>. Let's have a look at how the XML parser can be called:</p>
108 <h3><a name="Invoking">Invoking the parser : the pull method</a></h3>
109 <p>Usually, the first thing to do is to read an XML input. The parser accepts
110 documents either from in-memory strings or from files. The functions are
111 defined in "parser.h":</p>
113 <dt><code>xmlDocPtr xmlParseMemory(char *buffer, int size);</code></dt>
115 <p>Parse a null-terminated string containing the document.</p>
119 <dt><code>xmlDocPtr xmlParseFile(const char *filename);</code></dt>
121 <p>Parse an XML document contained in a (possibly compressed)
125 <p>The parser returns a pointer to the document structure (or NULL in case of
127 <h3 id="Invoking1">Invoking the parser: the push method</h3>
128 <p>In order for the application to keep the control when the document is
129 being fetched (which is common for GUI based programs) libxml provides a push
130 interface, too, as of version 1.8.3. Here are the interface functions:</p>
131 <pre>xmlParserCtxtPtr xmlCreatePushParserCtxt(xmlSAXHandlerPtr sax,
135 const char *filename);
136 int xmlParseChunk (xmlParserCtxtPtr ctxt,
139 int terminate);</pre>
140 <p>and here is a simple example showing how to use the interface:</p>
143 f = fopen(filename, "r");
145 int res, size = 1024;
147 xmlParserCtxtPtr ctxt;
149 res = fread(chars, 1, 4, f);
151 ctxt = xmlCreatePushParserCtxt(NULL, NULL,
152 chars, res, filename);
153 while ((res = fread(chars, 1, size, f)) > 0) {
154 xmlParseChunk(ctxt, chars, res, 0);
156 xmlParseChunk(ctxt, chars, 0, 1);
157 doc = ctxt->myDoc;
158 xmlFreeParserCtxt(ctxt);
161 <p>The HTML parser embedded into libxml also has a push interface; the
162 functions are just prefixed by "html" rather than "xml".</p>
163 <h3 id="Invoking2">Invoking the parser: the SAX interface</h3>
164 <p>The tree-building interface makes the parser memory-hungry, first loading
165 the document in memory and then building the tree itself. Reading a document
166 without building the tree is possible using the SAX interfaces (see SAX.h and
167 <a href="http://www.daa.com.au/~james/gnome/xml-sax/xml-sax.html">James
168 Henstridge's documentation</a>). Note also that the push interface can be
169 limited to SAX: just use the two first arguments of
170 <code>xmlCreatePushParserCtxt()</code>.</p>
171 <h3><a name="Building">Building a tree from scratch</a></h3>
172 <p>The other way to get an XML tree in memory is by building it. Basically
173 there is a set of functions dedicated to building new elements. (These are
174 also described in <libxml/tree.h>.) For example, here is a piece of
175 code that produces the XML document used in the previous examples:</p>
176 <pre> #include <libxml/tree.h>
178 xmlNodePtr tree, subtree;
180 doc = xmlNewDoc("1.0");
181 doc->children = xmlNewDocNode(doc, NULL, "EXAMPLE", NULL);
182 xmlSetProp(doc->children, "prop1", "gnome is great");
183 xmlSetProp(doc->children, "prop2", "& linux too");
184 tree = xmlNewChild(doc->children, NULL, "head", NULL);
185 subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "title", "Welcome to Gnome");
186 tree = xmlNewChild(doc->children, NULL, "chapter", NULL);
187 subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "title", "The Linux adventure");
188 subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "p", "bla bla bla ...");
189 subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "image", NULL);
190 xmlSetProp(subtree, "href", "linus.gif");</pre>
191 <p>Not really rocket science ...</p>
192 <h3><a name="Traversing">Traversing the tree</a></h3>
193 <p>Basically by <a href="html/libxml-tree.html">including "tree.h"</a> your
194 code has access to the internal structure of all the elements of the tree.
195 The names should be somewhat simple like <strong>parent</strong>,
196 <strong>children</strong>, <strong>next</strong>, <strong>prev</strong>,
197 <strong>properties</strong>, etc... For example, still with the previous
199 <pre><code>doc->children->children->children</code></pre>
200 <p>points to the title element,</p>
201 <pre>doc->children->children->next->children->children</pre>
202 <p>points to the text node containing the chapter title "The Linux
205 <strong>NOTE</strong>: XML allows <em>PI</em>s and <em>comments</em> to be
206 present before the document root, so <code>doc->children</code> may point
207 to an element which is not the document Root Element; a function
208 <code>xmlDocGetRootElement()</code> was added for this purpose.</p>
209 <h3><a name="Modifying">Modifying the tree</a></h3>
210 <p>Functions are provided for reading and writing the document content. Here
211 is an excerpt from the <a href="html/libxml-tree.html">tree API</a>:</p>
213 <dt><code>xmlAttrPtr xmlSetProp(xmlNodePtr node, const xmlChar *name, const
214 xmlChar *value);</code></dt>
216 <p>This sets (or changes) an attribute carried by an ELEMENT node.
217 The value can be NULL.</p>
221 <dt><code>const xmlChar *xmlGetProp(xmlNodePtr node, const xmlChar
224 <p>This function returns a pointer to new copy of the property
225 content. Note that the user must deallocate the result.</p>
228 <p>Two functions are provided for reading and writing the text associated
231 <dt><code>xmlNodePtr xmlStringGetNodeList(xmlDocPtr doc, const xmlChar
234 <p>This function takes an "external" string and converts it to one
235 text node or possibly to a list of entity and text nodes. All
236 non-predefined entity references like &Gnome; will be stored
237 internally as entity nodes, hence the result of the function may not be
242 <dt><code>xmlChar *xmlNodeListGetString(xmlDocPtr doc, xmlNodePtr list, int
245 <p>This function is the inverse of
246 <code>xmlStringGetNodeList()</code>. It generates a new string
247 containing the content of the text and entity nodes. Note the extra
248 argument inLine. If this argument is set to 1, the function will expand
249 entity references. For example, instead of returning the &Gnome;
250 XML encoding in the string, it will substitute it with its value (say,
251 "GNU Network Object Model Environment").</p>
254 <h3><a name="Saving">Saving a tree</a></h3>
255 <p>Basically 3 options are possible:</p>
257 <dt><code>void xmlDocDumpMemory(xmlDocPtr cur, xmlChar**mem, int
260 <p>Returns a buffer into which the document has been saved.</p>
264 <dt><code>extern void xmlDocDump(FILE *f, xmlDocPtr doc);</code></dt>
266 <p>Dumps a document to an open file descriptor.</p>
270 <dt><code>int xmlSaveFile(const char *filename, xmlDocPtr cur);</code></dt>
272 <p>Saves the document to a file. In this case, the compression
273 interface is triggered if it has been turned on.</p>
276 <h3><a name="Compressio">Compression</a></h3>
277 <p>The library transparently handles compression when doing file-based
278 accesses. The level of compression on saves can be turned on either globally
279 or individually for one file:</p>
281 <dt><code>int xmlGetDocCompressMode (xmlDocPtr doc);</code></dt>
283 <p>Gets the document compression ratio (0-9).</p>
287 <dt><code>void xmlSetDocCompressMode (xmlDocPtr doc, int mode);</code></dt>
289 <p>Sets the document compression ratio.</p>
293 <dt><code>int xmlGetCompressMode(void);</code></dt>
295 <p>Gets the default compression ratio.</p>
299 <dt><code>void xmlSetCompressMode(int mode);</code></dt>
301 <p>Sets the default compression ratio.</p>
304 <p><a href="bugs.html">Daniel Veillard</a></p>
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