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11 <h1 align="center">The XML C parser and toolkit of Gnome</h1>
13 <h1>Note: this is the flat content of the <a href="index.html">web
16 <h1 style="text-align: center">libxml, a.k.a. gnome-xml</h1>
20 <p>Libxml2 is the XML C parser and toolkit developed for the Gnome project
21 (but usable outside of the Gnome platform). XML itself is a metalanguage to
22 design markup languages, i.e. text language where semantic and structure are
23 added to the content using extra "markup" information enclosed between angle
24 brackets. HTML is the most well-known markup language. Though the library is
25 written in C <a href="python.html">a variety of language bindings</a> make it
26 available in other environments.</p>
28 <p>Libxml2 is known to be very portable, the library should build and work
29 without serious troubles on a variety of systems (Linux, Unix, Windows,
30 CygWin, MacOS, MacOS X, RISC Os, OS/2, VMS, QNX, MVS, ...)</p>
32 <p>Libxml2 implements a number of existing standards related to markup
35 <li>the XML standard: <a
36 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml</a></li>
37 <li>Namespaces in XML: <a
38 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/</a></li>
40 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlbase/">http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlbase/</a></li>
41 <li><a href="http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a> :
42 Uniform Resource Identifiers <a
43 href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt</a></li>
44 <li>XML Path Language (XPath) 1.0: <a
45 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath">http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath</a></li>
47 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/">http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/</a></li>
48 <li>most of XML Pointer Language (XPointer) Version 1.0: <a
49 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr">http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr</a></li>
50 <li>XML Inclusions (XInclude) Version 1.0: <a
51 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xinclude/">http://www.w3.org/TR/xinclude/</a></li>
53 href="http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/rfc/rfc2044.txt">rfc2044</a> [UTF-8]
54 and <a href="http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/rfc/rfc2781.txt">rfc2781</a>
55 [UTF-16] core encodings</li>
56 <li>part of SGML Open Technical Resolution TR9401:1997</li>
57 <li>XML Catalogs Working Draft 06 August 2001: <a
58 href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/spec-2001-08-06.html">http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/spec-2001-08-06.html</a></li>
59 <li>Canonical XML Version 1.0: <a
60 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n">http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n</a>
61 and the Exclusive XML Canonicalization CR draft <a
62 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-exc-c14n">http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-exc-c14n</a></li>
63 <li>Relax NG Committee Specification 3 December 2001 <a
64 href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/relax-ng/spec-20011203.html">http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/relax-ng/spec-20011203.html</a></li>
65 <li>W3C XML Schemas Part 2: Datatypes <a
66 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xmlschema-2-20010502/">REC 02 May
67 2001</a> except the base64Binary and hexBinary types</li>
70 <p>In most cases libxml2 tries to implement the specifications in a
71 relatively strictly compliant way. As of release 2.4.16, libxml2 passes all
72 1800+ tests from the <a
73 href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/xml-conformance/">OASIS XML Tests
76 <p>To some extent libxml2 provides support for the following additional
77 specifications but doesn't claim to implement them completely:</p>
79 <li>Document Object Model (DOM) <a
80 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/">http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/</a>
81 it doesn't implement the API itself, gdome2 does this on top of
83 <li><a href="http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/rfc/rfc959.txt">RFC 959</a> :
84 libxml2 implements a basic FTP client code</li>
85 <li><a href="http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/rfc/rfc1945.txt">RFC 1945</a> :
86 HTTP/1.0, again a basic HTTP client code</li>
87 <li>SAX: a minimal SAX implementation compatible with early expat
89 <li>DocBook SGML v4: libxml2 includes a hackish parser to transition to
93 <p>A partial implementation of <a
94 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xmlschema-1-20010502/">XML Schemas Part
95 1: Structure</a> is being worked on but it would be far too early to make any
96 conformance statement about it at the moment.</p>
98 <p>Separate documents:</p>
100 <li><a href="http://xmlsoft.org/XSLT/">the libxslt page</a> providing an
101 implementation of XSLT 1.0 and common extensions like EXSLT for
103 <li><a href="http://www.cs.unibo.it/~casarini/gdome2/">the gdome2 page</a>
104 : a standard DOM2 implementation for libxml2</li>
105 <li><a href="http://www.aleksey.com/xmlsec/">the XMLSec page</a>: an
106 implementation of <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmldsig-core/">W3C XML
107 Digital Signature</a> for libxml2</li>
108 <li>also check the related links section below for more related and active
113 href="http://xmlbench.sourceforge.net/results/benchmark/index.html">xmlbench
114 benchmark</a> on sourceforge 19 March 2003 (smaller is better):</p>
116 <p align="center"><img src="benchmark.gif"
117 alt="benchmark results for Expat Xerces libxml2 Oracle and Sun toolkits"></p>
119 <p>Logo designed by <a href="mailto:liyanage@access.ch">Marc Liyanage</a>.</p>
121 <h2><a name="Introducti">Introduction</a></h2>
123 <p>This document describes libxml, the <a
124 href="http://www.w3.org/XML/">XML</a> C parser and toolkit developed for the
125 <a href="http://www.gnome.org/">Gnome</a> project. <a
126 href="http://www.w3.org/XML/">XML is a standard</a> for building tag-based
127 structured documents/data.</p>
129 <p>Here are some key points about libxml:</p>
131 <li>Libxml2 exports Push (progressive) and Pull (blocking) type parser
132 interfaces for both XML and HTML.</li>
133 <li>Libxml2 can do DTD validation at parse time, using a parsed document
134 instance, or with an arbitrary DTD.</li>
135 <li>Libxml2 includes complete <a
136 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath">XPath</a>, <a
137 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr">XPointer</a> and <a
138 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xinclude">XInclude</a> implementations.</li>
139 <li>It is written in plain C, making as few assumptions as possible, and
140 sticking closely to ANSI C/POSIX for easy embedding. Works on
141 Linux/Unix/Windows, ported to a number of other platforms.</li>
142 <li>Basic support for HTTP and FTP client allowing applications to fetch
143 remote resources.</li>
144 <li>The design is modular, most of the extensions can be compiled out.</li>
145 <li>The internal document representation is as close as possible to the <a
146 href="http://www.w3.org/DOM/">DOM</a> interfaces.</li>
147 <li>Libxml2 also has a <a
148 href="http://www.megginson.com/SAX/index.html">SAX like interface</a>;
149 the interface is designed to be compatible with <a
150 href="http://www.jclark.com/xml/expat.html">Expat</a>.</li>
151 <li>This library is released under the <a
152 href="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html">MIT
153 License</a>. See the Copyright file in the distribution for the precise
157 <p>Warning: unless you are forced to because your application links with a
158 Gnome-1.X library requiring it, <strong><span
159 style="background-color: #FF0000">Do Not Use libxml1</span></strong>, use
162 <h2><a name="FAQ">FAQ</a></h2>
164 <p>Table of Contents:</p>
166 <li><a href="FAQ.html#License">License(s)</a></li>
167 <li><a href="FAQ.html#Installati">Installation</a></li>
168 <li><a href="FAQ.html#Compilatio">Compilation</a></li>
169 <li><a href="FAQ.html#Developer">Developer corner</a></li>
172 <h3><a name="License">License</a>(s)</h3>
174 <li><em>Licensing Terms for libxml</em>
175 <p>libxml2 is released under the <a
176 href="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html">MIT
177 License</a>; see the file Copyright in the distribution for the precise
180 <li><em>Can I embed libxml2 in a proprietary application ?</em>
181 <p>Yes. The MIT License allows you to keep proprietary the changes you
182 made to libxml, but it would be graceful to send-back bug fixes and
183 improvements as patches for possible incorporation in the main
184 development tree.</p>
188 <h3><a name="Installati">Installation</a></h3>
190 <li><strong><span style="background-color: #FF0000">Do Not Use
191 libxml1</span></strong>, use libxml2</li>
192 <li><em>Where can I get libxml</em> ?
193 <p>The original distribution comes from <a
194 href="ftp://rpmfind.net/pub/libxml/">rpmfind.net</a> or <a
195 href="ftp://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/sources/libxml2/2.5/">gnome.org</a></p>
196 <p>Most Linux and BSD distributions include libxml, this is probably the
197 safer way for end-users to use libxml.</p>
198 <p>David Doolin provides precompiled Windows versions at <a
199 href="http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~doolin/code/libxmlwin32/ ">http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~doolin/code/libxmlwin32/</a></p>
201 <li><em>I see libxml and libxml2 releases, which one should I install ?</em>
203 <li>If you are not constrained by backward compatibility issues with
204 existing applications, install libxml2 only</li>
205 <li>If you are not doing development, you can safely install both.
206 Usually the packages <a
207 href="http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/libxml.html">libxml</a> and <a
208 href="http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/libxml2.html">libxml2</a> are
209 compatible (this is not the case for development packages).</li>
210 <li>If you are a developer and your system provides separate packaging
211 for shared libraries and the development components, it is possible
212 to install libxml and libxml2, and also <a
213 href="http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/libxml-devel.html">libxml-devel</a>
215 href="http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/libxml2-devel.html">libxml2-devel</a>
216 too for libxml2 >= 2.3.0</li>
217 <li>If you are developing a new application, please develop against
221 <li><em>I can't install the libxml package, it conflicts with libxml0</em>
222 <p>You probably have an old libxml0 package used to provide the shared
223 library for libxml.so.0, you can probably safely remove it. The libxml
224 packages provided on <a
225 href="ftp://rpmfind.net/pub/libxml/">rpmfind.net</a> provide
228 <li><em>I can't install the libxml(2) RPM package due to failed
230 <p>The most generic solution is to re-fetch the latest src.rpm , and
231 rebuild it locally with</p>
232 <p><code>rpm --rebuild libxml(2)-xxx.src.rpm</code>.</p>
233 <p>If everything goes well it will generate two binary rpm packages (one
234 providing the shared libs and xmllint, and the other one, the -devel
235 package, providing includes, static libraries and scripts needed to build
236 applications with libxml(2)) that you can install locally.</p>
240 <h3><a name="Compilatio">Compilation</a></h3>
242 <li><em>What is the process to compile libxml2 ?</em>
243 <p>As most UNIX libraries libxml2 follows the "standard":</p>
244 <p><code>gunzip -c xxx.tar.gz | tar xvf -</code></p>
245 <p><code>cd libxml-xxxx</code></p>
246 <p><code>./configure --help</code></p>
247 <p>to see the options, then the compilation/installation proper</p>
248 <p><code>./configure [possible options]</code></p>
249 <p><code>make</code></p>
250 <p><code>make install</code></p>
251 <p>At that point you may have to rerun ldconfig or a similar utility to
252 update your list of installed shared libs.</p>
254 <li><em>What other libraries are needed to compile/install libxml2 ?</em>
255 <p>Libxml2 does not require any other library, the normal C ANSI API
256 should be sufficient (please report any violation to this rule you may
258 <p>However if found at configuration time libxml2 will detect and use the
261 <li><a href="http://www.info-zip.org/pub/infozip/zlib/">libz</a> : a
262 highly portable and available widely compression library.</li>
263 <li>iconv: a powerful character encoding conversion library. It is
264 included by default in recent glibc libraries, so it doesn't need to
265 be installed specifically on Linux. It now seems a <a
266 href="http://www.opennc.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xsh/iconv.html">part
267 of the official UNIX</a> specification. Here is one <a
268 href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv/">implementation of the
269 library</a> which source can be found <a
270 href="ftp://ftp.ilog.fr/pub/Users/haible/gnu/">here</a>.</li>
273 <li><em>Make check fails on some platforms</em>
274 <p>Sometimes the regression tests' results don't completely match the
275 value produced by the parser, and the makefile uses diff to print the
276 delta. On some platforms the diff return breaks the compilation process;
277 if the diff is small this is probably not a serious problem.</p>
278 <p>Sometimes (especially on Solaris) make checks fail due to limitations
279 in make. Try using GNU-make instead.</p>
281 <li><em>I use the CVS version and there is no configure script</em>
282 <p>The configure script (and other Makefiles) are generated. Use the
283 autogen.sh script to regenerate the configure script and Makefiles,
285 <p><code>./autogen.sh --prefix=/usr --disable-shared</code></p>
287 <li><em>I have troubles when running make tests with gcc-3.0</em>
288 <p>It seems the initial release of gcc-3.0 has a problem with the
289 optimizer which miscompiles the URI module. Please use another
294 <h3><a name="Developer">Developer</a> corner</h3>
296 <li><em>Troubles compiling or linking programs using libxml2</em>
297 <p>Usually the problem comes from the fact that the compiler doesn't get
298 the right compilation or linking flags. There is a small shell script
299 <code>xml2-config</code> which is installed as part of libxml2 usual
300 install process which provides those flags. Use</p>
301 <p><code>xml2-config --cflags</code></p>
302 <p>to get the compilation flags and</p>
303 <p><code>xml2-config --libs</code></p>
304 <p>to get the linker flags. Usually this is done directly from the
306 <p><code>CFLAGS=`xml2-config --cflags`</code></p>
307 <p><code>LIBS=`xml2-config --libs`</code></p>
309 <li><em>xmlDocDump() generates output on one line.</em>
310 <p>Libxml2 will not <strong>invent</strong> spaces in the content of a
311 document since <strong>all spaces in the content of a document are
312 significant</strong>. If you build a tree from the API and want
315 <li>the correct way is to generate those yourself too.</li>
316 <li>the dangerous way is to ask libxml2 to add those blanks to your
317 content <strong>modifying the content of your document in the
318 process</strong>. The result may not be what you expect. There is
319 <strong>NO</strong> way to guarantee that such a modification won't
320 affect other parts of the content of your document. See <a
321 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-parser.html#xmlKeepBlanksDefault">xmlKeepBlanksDefault
323 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html#xmlSaveFormatFile">xmlSaveFormatFile
327 <li>Extra nodes in the document:
328 <p><em>For a XML file as below:</em></p>
329 <pre><?xml version="1.0"?>
330 <PLAN xmlns="http://www.argus.ca/autotest/1.0/">
331 <NODE CommFlag="0"/>
332 <NODE CommFlag="1"/>
334 <p><em>after parsing it with the function
335 pxmlDoc=xmlParseFile(...);</em></p>
336 <p><em>I want to the get the content of the first node (node with the
337 CommFlag="0")</em></p>
338 <p><em>so I did it as following;</em></p>
339 <pre>xmlNodePtr pnode;
340 pnode=pxmlDoc->children->children;</pre>
341 <p><em>but it does not work. If I change it to</em></p>
342 <pre>pnode=pxmlDoc->children->children->next;</pre>
343 <p><em>then it works. Can someone explain it to me.</em></p>
345 <p>In XML all characters in the content of the document are significant
346 <strong>including blanks and formatting line breaks</strong>.</p>
347 <p>The extra nodes you are wondering about are just that, text nodes with
348 the formatting spaces which are part of the document but that people tend
349 to forget. There is a function <a
350 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-parser.html">xmlKeepBlanksDefault
351 ()</a> to remove those at parse time, but that's an heuristic, and its
352 use should be limited to cases where you are certain there is no
353 mixed-content in the document.</p>
355 <li><em>I get compilation errors of existing code like when accessing
356 <strong>root</strong> or <strong>child fields</strong> of nodes.</em>
357 <p>You are compiling code developed for libxml version 1 and using a
358 libxml2 development environment. Either switch back to libxml v1 devel or
359 even better fix the code to compile with libxml2 (or both) by <a
360 href="upgrade.html">following the instructions</a>.</p>
362 <li><em>I get compilation errors about non existing
363 <strong>xmlRootNode</strong> or <strong>xmlChildrenNode</strong>
365 <p>The source code you are using has been <a
366 href="upgrade.html">upgraded</a> to be able to compile with both libxml
367 and libxml2, but you need to install a more recent version:
368 libxml(-devel) >= 1.8.8 or libxml2(-devel) >= 2.1.0</p>
370 <li><em>XPath implementation looks seriously broken</em>
371 <p>XPath implementation prior to 2.3.0 was really incomplete. Upgrade to
372 a recent version, there are no known bugs in the current version.</p>
374 <li><em>The example provided in the web page does not compile.</em>
375 <p>It's hard to maintain the documentation in sync with the code
376 <grin/> ...</p>
377 <p>Check the previous points 1/ and 2/ raised before, and please send
380 <li><em>Where can I get more examples and information than privoded on the
382 <p>Ideally a libxml2 book would be nice. I have no such plan ... But you
385 <li>check more deeply the <a href="html/libxml-lib.html">existing
386 generated doc</a></li>
387 <li>look for examples of use for libxml2 function using the Gnome code.
388 For example the following will query the full Gnome CVS base for the
389 use of the <strong>xmlAddChild()</strong> function:
391 href="http://cvs.gnome.org/lxr/search?string=xmlAddChild">http://cvs.gnome.org/lxr/search?string=xmlAddChild</a></p>
392 <p>This may be slow, a large hardware donation to the gnome project
393 could cure this :-)</p>
396 href="http://cvs.gnome.org/bonsai/rview.cgi?cvsroot=/cvs/gnome&dir=gnome-xml">Browse
397 the libxml2 source</a> , I try to write code as clean and documented
398 as possible, so looking at it may be helpful. In particular the code
399 of xmllint.c and of the various testXXX.c test programs should
400 provide good examples of how to do things with the library.</li>
404 <p>libxml2 is written in pure C in order to allow easy reuse on a number
405 of platforms, including embedded systems. I don't intend to convert to
407 <p>There is however a C++ wrapper which may fulfill your needs:</p>
409 <li>by Ari Johnson <ari@btigate.com>:
411 href="http://libxmlplusplus.sourceforge.net/">http://libxmlplusplus.sourceforge.net/</a></p>
413 href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=12999">http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=12999</a></p>
415 <!-- Website is currently unavailable as of 2003-08-02
416 <li>by Peter Jones <pjones@pmade.org>
418 href="http://pmade.org/pjones/software/xmlwrapp/">http://pmade.org/pjones/software/xmlwrapp/</a></p>
423 <li>How to validate a document a posteriori ?
424 <p>It is possible to validate documents which had not been validated at
425 initial parsing time or documents which have been built from scratch
426 using the API. Use the <a
427 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-valid.html#xmlValidateDtd">xmlValidateDtd()</a>
428 function. It is also possible to simply add a DTD to an existing
430 <pre>xmlDocPtr doc; /* your existing document */
431 xmlDtdPtr dtd = xmlParseDTD(NULL, filename_of_dtd); /* parse the DTD */
433 dtd->name = xmlStrDup((xmlChar*)"root_name"); /* use the given root */
435 doc->intSubset = dtd;
436 if (doc->children == NULL) xmlAddChild((xmlNodePtr)doc, (xmlNodePtr)dtd);
437 else xmlAddPrevSibling(doc->children, (xmlNodePtr)dtd);
440 <li>So what is this funky "xmlChar" used all the time?
441 <p>It is a null terminated sequence of utf-8 characters. And only utf-8!
442 You need to convert strings encoded in different ways to utf-8 before
443 passing them to the API. This can be accomplished with the iconv library
451 <h2><a name="Documentat">Developer Documentation</a></h2>
453 <p>There are several on-line resources related to using libxml:</p>
455 <li>Use the <a href="search.php">search engine</a> to lookup
457 <li>Check the <a href="FAQ.html">FAQ.</a></li>
458 <li>Check the <a href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-lib.html">extensive
459 documentation</a> automatically extracted from code comments (using <a
460 href="http://cvs.gnome.org/bonsai/rview.cgi?cvsroot=/cvs/gnome&dir=gtk-doc">gtk
462 <li>Look at the documentation about <a href="encoding.html">libxml
463 internationalization support</a>.</li>
464 <li>This page provides a global overview and <a href="example.html">some
465 examples</a> on how to use libxml.</li>
466 <li>John Fleck's libxml2 tutorial: <a href="tutorial/index.html">html</a>
467 or <a href="tutorial/xmltutorial.pdf">pdf</a>.</li>
468 <li>If you need to parse large files, check the <a
469 href="xmlreader.html">xmlReader</a> API tutorial</li>
470 <li><a href="mailto:james@daa.com.au">James Henstridge</a> wrote <a
471 href="http://www.daa.com.au/~james/gnome/xml-sax/xml-sax.html">some nice
472 documentation</a> explaining how to use the libxml SAX interface.</li>
473 <li>George Lebl wrote <a
474 href="http://www-4.ibm.com/software/developer/library/gnome3/">an article
475 for IBM developerWorks</a> about using libxml.</li>
476 <li>Check <a href="http://cvs.gnome.org/lxr/source/gnome-xml/TODO">the TODO
478 <li>Read the <a href="upgrade.html">1.x to 2.x upgrade path</a>
479 description. If you are starting a new project using libxml you should
480 really use the 2.x version.</li>
481 <li>And don't forget to look at the <a
482 href="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/">mailing-list archive</a>.</li>
485 <h2><a name="Reporting">Reporting bugs and getting help</a></h2>
487 <p>Well, bugs or missing features are always possible, and I will make a
488 point of fixing them in a timely fashion. The best way to report a bug is to
489 use the <a href="http://bugzilla.gnome.org/buglist.cgi?product=libxml2">Gnome
490 bug tracking database</a> (make sure to use the "libxml2" module name). I
491 look at reports there regularly and it's good to have a reminder when a bug
492 is still open. Be sure to specify that the bug is for the package libxml2.</p>
494 <p>There is also a mailing-list <a
495 href="mailto:xml@gnome.org">xml@gnome.org</a> for libxml, with an <a
496 href="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/">on-line archive</a> (<a
497 href="http://xmlsoft.org/messages">old</a>). To subscribe to this list,
499 href="http://mail.gnome.org/mailman/listinfo/xml">associated Web</a> page and
500 follow the instructions. <strong>Do not send code, I won't debug it</strong>
501 (but patches are really appreciated!).</p>
503 <p>Check the following <strong><span style="color: #FF0000">before
504 posting</span></strong>:</p>
506 <li>Read the <a href="FAQ.html">FAQ</a> and <a href="search.php">use the
507 search engine</a> to get information related to your problem.</li>
508 <li>Make sure you are <a href="ftp://xmlsoft.org/">using a recent
509 version</a>, and that the problem still shows up in a recent version.</li>
510 <li>Check the <a href="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/">list
511 archives</a> to see if the problem was reported already. In this case
512 there is probably a fix available, similarly check the <a
513 href="http://bugzilla.gnome.org/buglist.cgi?product=libxml2">registered
515 <li>Make sure you can reproduce the bug with xmllint or one of the test
516 programs found in source in the distribution.</li>
517 <li>Please send the command showing the error as well as the input (as an
521 <p>Then send the bug with associated information to reproduce it to the <a
522 href="mailto:xml@gnome.org">xml@gnome.org</a> list; if it's really libxml
523 related I will approve it. Please do not send mail to me directly, it makes
524 things really hard to track and in some cases I am not the best person to
525 answer a given question, ask on the list.</p>
527 <p>To <span style="color: #E50000">be really clear about support</span>:</p>
529 <li>Support or help <span style="color: #E50000">requests MUST be sent to
530 the list or on bugzilla</span> in case of problems, so that the Question
531 and Answers can be shared publicly. Failing to do so carries the implicit
532 message "I want free support but I don't want to share the benefits with
533 others" and is not welcome. I will automatically Carbon-Copy the
534 xml@gnome.org mailing list for any technical reply made about libxml2 or
536 <li>There is <span style="color: #E50000">no garantee of support</span>, if
537 your question remains unanswered after a week, repost it, making sure you
538 gave all the detail needed and the information requested.</li>
539 <li>Failing to provide information as requested or double checking first
540 for prior feedback also carries the implicit message "the time of the
541 library maintainers is less valuable than my time" and might not be
545 <p>Of course, bugs reported with a suggested patch for fixing them will
546 probably be processed faster than those without.</p>
548 <p>If you're looking for help, a quick look at <a
549 href="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/">the list archive</a> may actually
550 provide the answer. I usually send source samples when answering libxml2
551 usage questions. The <a
552 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/book1.html">auto-generated documentation</a> is
553 not as polished as I would like (i need to learn more about DocBook), but
554 it's a good starting point.</p>
556 <h2><a name="help">How to help</a></h2>
558 <p>You can help the project in various ways, the best thing to do first is to
559 subscribe to the mailing-list as explained before, check the <a
560 href="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/">archives </a>and the <a
561 href="http://bugzilla.gnome.org/buglist.cgi?product=libxml2">Gnome bug
564 <li>Provide patches when you find problems.</li>
565 <li>Provide the diffs when you port libxml2 to a new platform. They may not
566 be integrated in all cases but help pinpointing portability problems
568 <li>Provide documentation fixes (either as patches to the code comments or
570 <li>Provide new documentations pieces (translations, examples, etc
572 <li>Check the TODO file and try to close one of the items.</li>
573 <li>Take one of the points raised in the archive or the bug database and
574 provide a fix. <a href="mailto:daniel@veillard.com">Get in touch with me
575 </a>before to avoid synchronization problems and check that the suggested
576 fix will fit in nicely :-)</li>
579 <h2><a name="Downloads">Downloads</a></h2>
581 <p>The latest versions of libxml2 can be found on <a
582 href="ftp://xmlsoft.org/">xmlsoft.org</a> (<a
583 href="ftp://speakeasy.rpmfind.net/pub/libxml/">Seattle</a>, <a
584 href="ftp://fr.rpmfind.net/pub/libxml/">France</a>) or on the <a
585 href="ftp://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/MIRRORS.html">Gnome FTP server</a> either
586 as a <a href="ftp://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/sources/libxml2/2.5/">source
587 archive</a><!-- commenting this out because they seem to have disappeared or <a
588 href="ftp://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/stable/redhat/i386/libxml/">RPM
590 , Antonin Sprinzl also provide <a href="ftp://gd.tuwien.ac.at/pub/libxml/">a
591 mirror in Austria</a>. (NOTE that you need both the <a
592 href="http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/libxml2.html">libxml(2)</a> and <a
593 href="http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/libxml2-devel.html">libxml(2)-devel</a>
594 packages installed to compile applications using libxml.)</p>
598 <li>Red Hat RPMs for i386 are available directly on <a
599 href="ftp://xmlsoft.org/">xmlsoft.org</a>, the source RPM will compile on
600 any architecture supported by Red Hat.</li>
601 <li><p><a href="mailto:igor@zlatkovic.com">Igor Zlatkovic</a></p>
602 is now the maintainer of the Windows port, <a
603 href="http://www.zlatkovic.com/projects/libxml/index.html">he provides
605 <li><a href="mailto:Gary.Pennington@sun.com">Gary Pennington</a> provides
606 <a href="http://garypennington.net/libxml2/">Solaris binaries</a>.</li>
607 <li><a href="mailto:Steve.Ball@zveno.com">Steve Ball</a> provides <a
608 href="http://www.zveno.com/open_source/libxml2xslt.html">Mac Os X
610 <li>The HP-UX porting center provides <a
611 href="http://hpux.connect.org.uk/hppd/hpux/Gnome/">HP-UX binaries</a></li>
614 <p>If you know other supported binary ports, please <a
615 href="http://veillard.com/">contact me</a>.</p>
617 <p><a name="Snapshot">Snapshot:</a></p>
619 <li>Code from the W3C cvs base gnome-xml <a
620 href="ftp://xmlsoft.org/cvs-snapshot.tar.gz">cvs-snapshot.tar.gz</a>.</li>
621 <li>Docs, content of the web site, the list archive included <a
622 href="ftp://xmlsoft.org/libxml-docs.tar.gz">libxml-docs.tar.gz</a>.</li>
625 <p><a name="Contribs">Contributions:</a></p>
627 <p>I do accept external contributions, especially if compiling on another
628 platform, get in touch with me to upload the package, wrappers for various
629 languages have been provided, and can be found in the <a
630 href="contribs.html">contrib section</a></p>
632 <p>Libxml2 is also available from CVS:</p>
635 href="http://cvs.gnome.org/bonsai/rview.cgi?cvsroot=/cvs/gnome&dir=gnome-xml">Gnome
636 CVS base</a>. Check the <a
637 href="http://developer.gnome.org/tools/cvs.html">Gnome CVS Tools</a>
638 page; the CVS module is <b>gnome-xml</b>.</p>
640 <li>The <strong>libxslt</strong> module is also present there</li>
643 <h2><a name="News">News</a></h2>
645 <h3>CVS only : check the <a
646 href="http://cvs.gnome.org/lxr/source/gnome-xml/ChangeLog">Changelog</a> file
647 for a really accurate description</h3>
649 <p>Items not finished and worked on, get in touch with the list if you want
652 <li>More testing on RelaxNG</li>
653 <li>Finishing up <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-1/">XML
657 <h3>2.5.10: Aug 15 2003</h3>
659 <p>A bugfixes only release</p>
661 <li>Windows Makefiles (William Brack)</li>
662 <li>UTF-16 support fixes (Mark Itzcovitz)</li>
663 <li>Makefile and portability (William Brack) automake, Linux alpha, Mingw
664 on Windows (Mikhail Grushinskiy) </li>
665 <li>HTML parser (Oliver Stoeneberg)</li>
666 <li>XInclude performance problem reported by Kevin Ruscoe</li>
667 <li>XML parser performance problem reported by Grant Goodale</li>
668 <li>xmlSAXParseDTD() bug fix from Malcolm Tredinnick</li>
669 <li>and a couple other cleanup </li>
672 <h3>2.5.9: Aug 9 2003</h3>
674 <li>bugfixes: IPv6 portability, xmlHasNsProp (Markus Keim), Windows build
675 (Wiliam Brake, Jesse Pelton, Igor), Schemas (Peter Sobisch), threading
676 (Rob Richards), hexBinary type (), UTF-16 BOM (Dodji Seketeli),
677 xmlReader, Relax-NG schemas compilation, namespace handling, EXSLT (Sean
678 Griffin), HTML parsing problem (William Brack), DTD validation for mixed
679 content + namespaces, HTML serialization, library initialization,
680 progressive HTML parser</li>
681 <li>better interfaces for Relax-NG error handling (Joachim Bauch, )</li>
682 <li>adding xmlXIncludeProcessTree() for XInclud'ing in a subtree</li>
683 <li>doc fixes and improvements (John Fleck)</li>
684 <li>configure flag for -with-fexceptions when embedding in C++</li>
685 <li>couple of new UTF-8 helper functions (William Brack)</li>
686 <li>general encoding cleanup + ISO-8859-x without iconv (Peter Jacobi)</li>
687 <li>xmlTextReader cleanup + enum for node types (Bjorn Reese)</li>
688 <li>general compilation/warning cleanup Solaris/HP-UX/... (William
692 <h3>2.5.8: Jul 6 2003</h3>
694 <li>bugfixes: XPath, XInclude, file/URI mapping, UTF-16 save (Mark
695 Itzcovitz), UTF-8 checking, URI saving, error printing (William Brack),
696 PI related memleak, compilation without schemas or without xpath (Joerg
697 Schmitz-Linneweber/Garry Pennington), xmlUnlinkNode problem with DTDs,
698 rpm problem on , i86_64, removed a few compilation problems from 2.5.7,
699 xmlIOParseDTD, and xmlSAXParseDTD (Malcolm Tredinnick)</li>
700 <li>portability: DJGPP (MsDos) , OpenVMS (Craig A. Berry)</li>
701 <li>William Brack fixed multithreading lock problems</li>
702 <li>IPv6 patch for FTP and HTTP accesses (Archana Shah/Wipro)</li>
703 <li>Windows fixes (Igor Zlatkovic, Eric Zurcher), threading (Stéphane
705 <li>A few W3C Schemas Structure improvements</li>
706 <li>W3C Schemas Datatype improvements (Charlie Bozeman)</li>
707 <li>Python bindings for thread globals (Stéphane Bidoul), and method/class
709 <li>added --nonet option to xmllint</li>
710 <li>documentation improvements (John Fleck)</li>
713 <h3>2.5.7: Apr 25 2003</h3>
715 <li>Relax-NG: Compiling to regexp and streaming validation on top of the
716 xmlReader interface, added to xmllint --stream</li>
717 <li>xmlReader: Expand(), Next() and DOM access glue, bug fixes</li>
718 <li>Support for large files: RGN validated a 4.5GB instance</li>
719 <li>Thread support is now configured in by default</li>
720 <li>Fixes: update of the Trio code (Bjorn), WXS Date and Duration fixes
721 (Charles Bozeman), DTD and namespaces (Brent Hendricks), HTML push parser
722 and zero bytes handling, some missing Windows file path conversions,
723 behaviour of the parser and validator in the presence of "out of memory"
724 error conditions</li>
725 <li>extended the API to be able to plug a garbage collecting memory
726 allocator, added xmlMallocAtomic() and modified the allocations
728 <li>Performances: removed excessive malloc() calls, speedup of the push and
729 xmlReader interfaces, removed excessive thread locking</li>
730 <li>Documentation: man page (John Fleck), xmlReader documentation</li>
731 <li>Python: adding binding for xmlCatalogAddLocal (Brent M Hendricks)</li>
734 <h3>2.5.6: Apr 1 2003</h3>
736 <li>Fixed W3C XML Schemas datatype, should be compliant now except for
737 binHex and base64 which are not supported yet.</li>
738 <li>bug fixes: non-ASCII IDs, HTML output, XInclude on large docs and
739 XInclude entities handling, encoding detection on external subsets, XML
740 Schemas bugs and memory leaks, HTML parser (James Bursa)</li>
741 <li>portability: python/trio (Albert Chin), Sun compiler warnings</li>
742 <li>documentation: added --relaxng option to xmllint man page (John)</li>
743 <li>improved error reporting: xml:space, start/end tag mismatches, Relax NG
747 <h3>2.5.5: Mar 24 2003</h3>
749 <li>Lot of fixes on the Relax NG implementation. More testing including
750 DocBook and TEI examples.</li>
751 <li>Increased the support for W3C XML Schemas datatype</li>
752 <li>Several bug fixes in the URI handling layer</li>
753 <li>Bug fixes: HTML parser, xmlReader, DTD validation, XPath, encoding
754 conversion, line counting in the parser.</li>
755 <li>Added support for $XMLLINT_INDENT environment variable, FTP delete</li>
756 <li>Fixed the RPM spec file name</li>
759 <h3>2.5.4: Feb 20 2003</h3>
761 <li>Conformance testing and lot of fixes on Relax NG and XInclude
763 <li>Implementation of XPointer element() scheme</li>
764 <li>Bug fixes: XML parser, XInclude entities merge, validity checking on
766 <p>2 serialization bugs, node info generation problems, a DTD regexp
767 generation problem.</p>
769 <li>Portability: windows updates and path canonicalization (Igor)</li>
770 <li>A few typo fixes (Kjartan Maraas)</li>
771 <li>Python bindings generator fixes (Stephane Bidoul)</li>
774 <h3>2.5.3: Feb 10 2003</h3>
776 <li>RelaxNG and XML Schemas datatypes improvements, and added a first
777 version of RelaxNG Python bindings</li>
778 <li>Fixes: XLink (Sean Chittenden), XInclude (Sean Chittenden), API fix for
779 serializing namespace nodes, encoding conversion bug, XHTML1
781 <li>Portability fixes: Windows (Igor), AMD 64bits RPM spec file</li>
784 <h3>2.5.2: Feb 5 2003</h3>
786 <li>First implementation of RelaxNG, added --relaxng flag to xmllint</li>
787 <li>Schemas support now compiled in by default.</li>
788 <li>Bug fixes: DTD validation, namespace checking, XInclude and entities,
789 delegateURI in XML Catalogs, HTML parser, XML reader (Stéphane Bidoul),
790 XPath parser and evaluation, UTF8ToUTF8 serialization, XML reader memory
791 consumption, HTML parser, HTML serialization in the presence of
793 <li>added an HTML API to check elements and attributes.</li>
794 <li>Documentation improvement, PDF for the tutorial (John Fleck), doc
795 patches (Stefan Kost)</li>
796 <li>Portability fixes: NetBSD (Julio Merino), Windows (Igor Zlatkovic)</li>
797 <li>Added python bindings for XPointer, contextual error reporting
798 (Stéphane Bidoul)</li>
799 <li>URI/file escaping problems (Stefano Zacchiroli)</li>
802 <h3>2.5.1: Jan 8 2003</h3>
804 <li>Fixes a memory leak and configuration/compilation problems in 2.5.0</li>
805 <li>documentation updates (John)</li>
806 <li>a couple of XmlTextReader fixes</li>
809 <h3>2.5.0: Jan 6 2003</h3>
811 <li>New <a href="xmlreader.html">XmltextReader interface</a> based on C#
812 API (with help of Stéphane Bidoul)</li>
813 <li>Windows: more exports, including the new API (Igor)</li>
814 <li>XInclude fallback fix</li>
815 <li>Python: bindings for the new API, packaging (Stéphane Bidoul),
816 drv_libxml2.py Python xml.sax driver (Stéphane Bidoul), fixes, speedup
817 and iterators for Python-2.2 (Hannu Krosing)</li>
818 <li>Tutorial fixes (john Fleck and Niraj Tolia) xmllint man update
820 <li>Fix an XML parser bug raised by Vyacheslav Pindyura</li>
821 <li>Fix for VMS serialization (Nigel Hall) and config (Craig A. Berry)</li>
822 <li>Entities handling fixes</li>
823 <li>new API to optionally track node creation and deletion (Lukas
825 <li>Added documentation for the XmltextReader interface and some <a
826 href="guidelines.html">XML guidelines</a></li>
829 <h3>2.4.30: Dec 12 2002</h3>
831 <li>2.4.29 broke the python bindings, rereleasing</li>
832 <li>Improvement/fixes of the XML API generator, and couple of minor code
836 <h3>2.4.29: Dec 11 2002</h3>
838 <li>Windows fixes (Igor): Windows CE port, pthread linking, python bindings
839 (Stéphane Bidoul), Mingw (Magnus Henoch), and export list updates</li>
840 <li>Fix for prev in python bindings (ERDI Gergo)</li>
841 <li>Fix for entities handling (Marcus Clarke)</li>
842 <li>Refactored the XML and HTML dumps to a single code path, fixed XHTML1
844 <li>Fix for URI parsing when handling URNs with fragment identifiers</li>
845 <li>Fix for HTTP URL escaping problem</li>
846 <li>added an TextXmlReader (C#) like API (work in progress)</li>
847 <li>Rewrote the API in XML generation script, includes a C parser and saves
848 more informations needed for C# bindings</li>
851 <h3>2.4.28: Nov 22 2002</h3>
853 <li>a couple of python binding fixes</li>
854 <li>2 bug fixes in the XML push parser</li>
855 <li>potential memory leak removed (Martin Stoilov)</li>
856 <li>fix to the configure script for Unix (Dimitri Papadopoulos)</li>
857 <li>added encoding support for XInclude parse="text"</li>
858 <li>autodetection of XHTML1 and specific serialization rules added</li>
859 <li>nasty threading bug fixed (William Brack)</li>
862 <h3>2.4.27: Nov 17 2002</h3>
864 <li>fixes for the Python bindings</li>
865 <li>a number of bug fixes: SGML catalogs, xmlParseBalancedChunkMemory(),
866 HTML parser, Schemas (Charles Bozeman), document fragment support
867 (Christian Glahn), xmlReconciliateNs (Brian Stafford), XPointer,
868 xmlFreeNode(), xmlSAXParseMemory (Peter Jones), xmlGetNodePath (Petr
869 Pajas), entities processing</li>
870 <li>added grep to xmllint --shell</li>
871 <li>VMS update patch from Craig A. Berry</li>
872 <li>cleanup of the Windows build with support for more compilers (Igor),
873 better thread support on Windows</li>
874 <li>cleanup of Unix Makefiles and spec file</li>
875 <li>Improvements to the documentation (John Fleck)</li>
878 <h3>2.4.26: Oct 18 2002</h3>
880 <li>Patches for Windows CE port, improvements on Windows paths handling</li>
881 <li>Fixes to the validation code (DTD and Schemas), xmlNodeGetPath() ,
882 HTML serialization, Namespace compliance, and a number of small
886 <h3>2.4.25: Sep 26 2002</h3>
888 <li>A number of bug fixes: XPath, validation, Python bindings, DOM and
889 tree, xmlI/O, Html</li>
890 <li>Serious rewrite of XInclude</li>
891 <li>Made XML Schemas regexp part of the default build and APIs, small fix
892 and improvement of the regexp core</li>
893 <li>Changed the validation code to reuse XML Schemas regexp APIs</li>
894 <li>Better handling of Windows file paths, improvement of Makefiles (Igor,
895 Daniel Gehriger, Mark Vakoc)</li>
896 <li>Improved the python I/O bindings, the tests, added resolver and regexp
898 <li>New logos from Marc Liyanage</li>
899 <li>Tutorial improvements: John Fleck, Christopher Harris</li>
900 <li>Makefile: Fixes for AMD x86_64 (Mandrake), DESTDIR (Christophe
902 <li>removal of all stderr/perror use for error reporting</li>
903 <li>Better error reporting: XPath and DTD validation</li>
904 <li>update of the trio portability layer (Bjorn Reese)</li>
907 <p><strong>2.4.24: Aug 22 2002</strong></p>
909 <li>XPath fixes (William), xf:escape-uri() (Wesley Terpstra)</li>
910 <li>Python binding fixes: makefiles (William), generator, rpm build, x86-64
912 <li>HTML <style> and boolean attributes serializer fixes</li>
913 <li>C14N improvements by Aleksey</li>
914 <li>doc cleanups: Rick Jones</li>
915 <li>Windows compiler makefile updates: Igor and Elizabeth Barham</li>
916 <li>XInclude: implementation of fallback and xml:base fixup added</li>
919 <h3>2.4.23: July 6 2002</h3>
921 <li>performances patches: Peter Jacobi</li>
922 <li>c14n fixes, testsuite and performances: Aleksey Sanin</li>
923 <li>added xmlDocFormatDump: Chema Celorio</li>
924 <li>new tutorial: John Fleck</li>
925 <li>new hash functions and performances: Sander Vesik, portability fix from
927 <li>a number of bug fixes: XPath (William Brack, Richard Jinks), XML and
928 HTML parsers, ID lookup function</li>
929 <li>removal of all remaining sprintf: Aleksey Sanin</li>
932 <h3>2.4.22: May 27 2002</h3>
934 <li>a number of bug fixes: configure scripts, base handling, parser, memory
935 usage, HTML parser, XPath, documentation (Christian Cornelssen),
936 indentation, URI parsing</li>
937 <li>Optimizations for XMLSec, fixing and making public some of the network
938 protocol handlers (Aleksey)</li>
939 <li>performance patch from Gary Pennington</li>
940 <li>Charles Bozeman provided date and time support for XML Schemas
944 <h3>2.4.21: Apr 29 2002</h3>
946 <p>This release is both a bug fix release and also contains the early XML
947 Schemas <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-1/">structures</a> and <a
948 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/">datatypes</a> code, beware, all
949 interfaces are likely to change, there is huge holes, it is clearly a work in
950 progress and don't even think of putting this code in a production system,
951 it's actually not compiled in by default. The real fixes are:</p>
953 <li>a couple of bugs or limitations introduced in 2.4.20</li>
954 <li>patches for Borland C++ and MSC by Igor</li>
955 <li>some fixes on XPath strings and conformance patches by Richard
957 <li>patch from Aleksey for the ExcC14N specification</li>
958 <li>OSF/1 bug fix by Bjorn</li>
961 <h3>2.4.20: Apr 15 2002</h3>
963 <li>bug fixes: file descriptor leak, XPath, HTML output, DTD validation</li>
964 <li>XPath conformance testing by Richard Jinks</li>
965 <li>Portability fixes: Solaris, MPE/iX, Windows, OSF/1, python bindings,
969 <h3>2.4.19: Mar 25 2002</h3>
971 <li>bug fixes: half a dozen XPath bugs, Validation, ISO-Latin to UTF8
973 <li>portability fixes in the HTTP code</li>
974 <li>memory allocation checks using valgrind, and profiling tests</li>
975 <li>revamp of the Windows build and Makefiles</li>
978 <h3>2.4.18: Mar 18 2002</h3>
980 <li>bug fixes: tree, SAX, canonicalization, validation, portability,
982 <li>removed the --with-buffer option it was becoming unmaintainable</li>
983 <li>serious cleanup of the Python makefiles</li>
984 <li>speedup patch to XPath very effective for DocBook stylesheets</li>
985 <li>Fixes for Windows build, cleanup of the documentation</li>
988 <h3>2.4.17: Mar 8 2002</h3>
990 <li>a lot of bug fixes, including "namespace nodes have no parents in
992 <li>fixed/improved the Python wrappers, added more examples and more
993 regression tests, XPath extension functions can now return node-sets</li>
994 <li>added the XML Canonicalization support from Aleksey Sanin</li>
997 <h3>2.4.16: Feb 20 2002</h3>
999 <li>a lot of bug fixes, most of them were triggered by the XML Testsuite
1000 from OASIS and W3C. Compliance has been significantly improved.</li>
1001 <li>a couple of portability fixes too.</li>
1004 <h3>2.4.15: Feb 11 2002</h3>
1006 <li>Fixed the Makefiles, especially the python module ones</li>
1007 <li>A few bug fixes and cleanup</li>
1008 <li>Includes cleanup</li>
1011 <h3>2.4.14: Feb 8 2002</h3>
1013 <li>Change of License to the <a
1014 href="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html">MIT
1015 License</a> basically for integration in XFree86 codebase, and removing
1016 confusion around the previous dual-licensing</li>
1017 <li>added Python bindings, beta software but should already be quite
1019 <li>a large number of fixes and cleanups, especially for all tree
1021 <li>cleanup of the headers, generation of a reference API definition in
1025 <h3>2.4.13: Jan 14 2002</h3>
1027 <li>update of the documentation: John Fleck and Charlie Bozeman</li>
1028 <li>cleanup of timing code from Justin Fletcher</li>
1029 <li>fixes for Windows and initial thread support on Win32: Igor and Serguei
1031 <li>Cygwin patch from Robert Collins</li>
1032 <li>added xmlSetEntityReferenceFunc() for Keith Isdale work on xsldbg</li>
1035 <h3>2.4.12: Dec 7 2001</h3>
1037 <li>a few bug fixes: thread (Gary Pennington), xmllint (Geert Kloosterman),
1038 XML parser (Robin Berjon), XPointer (Danny Jamshy), I/O cleanups
1040 <li>Eric Lavigne contributed project files for MacOS</li>
1041 <li>some makefiles cleanups</li>
1044 <h3>2.4.11: Nov 26 2001</h3>
1046 <li>fixed a couple of errors in the includes, fixed a few bugs, some code
1048 <li>xmllint man pages improvement by Heiko Rupp</li>
1049 <li>updated VMS build instructions from John A Fotheringham</li>
1050 <li>Windows Makefiles updates from Igor</li>
1053 <h3>2.4.10: Nov 10 2001</h3>
1055 <li>URI escaping fix (Joel Young)</li>
1056 <li>added xmlGetNodePath() (for paths or XPointers generation)</li>
1057 <li>Fixes namespace handling problems when using DTD and validation</li>
1058 <li>improvements on xmllint: Morus Walter patches for --format and
1059 --encode, Stefan Kost and Heiko Rupp improvements on the --shell</li>
1060 <li>fixes for xmlcatalog linking pointed by Weiqi Gao</li>
1061 <li>fixes to the HTML parser</li>
1064 <h3>2.4.9: Nov 6 2001</h3>
1066 <li>fixes more catalog bugs</li>
1067 <li>avoid a compilation problem, improve xmlGetLineNo()</li>
1070 <h3>2.4.8: Nov 4 2001</h3>
1072 <li>fixed SGML catalogs broken in previous release, updated xmlcatalog
1074 <li>fixed a compile errors and some includes troubles.</li>
1077 <h3>2.4.7: Oct 30 2001</h3>
1079 <li>exported some debugging interfaces</li>
1080 <li>serious rewrite of the catalog code</li>
1081 <li>integrated Gary Pennington thread safety patch, added configure option
1082 and regression tests</li>
1083 <li>removed an HTML parser bug</li>
1084 <li>fixed a couple of potentially serious validation bugs</li>
1085 <li>integrated the SGML DocBook support in xmllint</li>
1086 <li>changed the nanoftp anonymous login passwd</li>
1087 <li>some I/O cleanup and a couple of interfaces for Perl wrapper</li>
1088 <li>general bug fixes</li>
1089 <li>updated xmllint man page by John Fleck</li>
1090 <li>some VMS and Windows updates</li>
1093 <h3>2.4.6: Oct 10 2001</h3>
1095 <li>added an updated man pages by John Fleck</li>
1096 <li>portability and configure fixes</li>
1097 <li>an infinite loop on the HTML parser was removed (William)</li>
1098 <li>Windows makefile patches from Igor</li>
1099 <li>fixed half a dozen bugs reported for libxml or libxslt</li>
1100 <li>updated xmlcatalog to be able to modify SGML super catalogs</li>
1103 <h3>2.4.5: Sep 14 2001</h3>
1105 <li>Remove a few annoying bugs in 2.4.4</li>
1106 <li>forces the HTML serializer to output decimal charrefs since some
1107 version of Netscape can't handle hexadecimal ones</li>
1110 <h3>1.8.16: Sep 14 2001</h3>
1112 <li>maintenance release of the old libxml1 branch, couple of bug and
1113 portability fixes</li>
1116 <h3>2.4.4: Sep 12 2001</h3>
1118 <li>added --convert to xmlcatalog, bug fixes and cleanups of XML
1120 <li>a few bug fixes and some portability changes</li>
1121 <li>some documentation cleanups</li>
1124 <h3>2.4.3: Aug 23 2001</h3>
1126 <li>XML Catalog support see the doc</li>
1127 <li>New NaN/Infinity floating point code</li>
1128 <li>A few bug fixes</li>
1131 <h3>2.4.2: Aug 15 2001</h3>
1133 <li>adds xmlLineNumbersDefault() to control line number generation</li>
1134 <li>lot of bug fixes</li>
1135 <li>the Microsoft MSC projects files should now be up to date</li>
1136 <li>inheritance of namespaces from DTD defaulted attributes</li>
1137 <li>fixes a serious potential security bug</li>
1138 <li>added a --format option to xmllint</li>
1141 <h3>2.4.1: July 24 2001</h3>
1143 <li>possibility to keep line numbers in the tree</li>
1144 <li>some computation NaN fixes</li>
1145 <li>extension of the XPath API</li>
1146 <li>cleanup for alpha and ia64 targets</li>
1147 <li>patch to allow saving through HTTP PUT or POST</li>
1150 <h3>2.4.0: July 10 2001</h3>
1152 <li>Fixed a few bugs in XPath, validation, and tree handling.</li>
1153 <li>Fixed XML Base implementation, added a couple of examples to the
1154 regression tests</li>
1155 <li>A bit of cleanup</li>
1158 <h3>2.3.14: July 5 2001</h3>
1160 <li>fixed some entities problems and reduce memory requirement when
1161 substituting them</li>
1162 <li>lots of improvements in the XPath queries interpreter can be
1163 substantially faster</li>
1164 <li>Makefiles and configure cleanups</li>
1165 <li>Fixes to XPath variable eval, and compare on empty node set</li>
1166 <li>HTML tag closing bug fixed</li>
1167 <li>Fixed an URI reference computation problem when validating</li>
1170 <h3>2.3.13: June 28 2001</h3>
1172 <li>2.3.12 configure.in was broken as well as the push mode XML parser</li>
1173 <li>a few more fixes for compilation on Windows MSC by Yon Derek</li>
1176 <h3>1.8.14: June 28 2001</h3>
1178 <li>Zbigniew Chyla gave a patch to use the old XML parser in push mode</li>
1179 <li>Small Makefile fix</li>
1182 <h3>2.3.12: June 26 2001</h3>
1184 <li>lots of cleanup</li>
1185 <li>a couple of validation fix</li>
1186 <li>fixed line number counting</li>
1187 <li>fixed serious problems in the XInclude processing</li>
1188 <li>added support for UTF8 BOM at beginning of entities</li>
1189 <li>fixed a strange gcc optimizer bugs in xpath handling of float, gcc-3.0
1190 miscompile uri.c (William), Thomas Leitner provided a fix for the
1191 optimizer on Tru64</li>
1192 <li>incorporated Yon Derek and Igor Zlatkovic fixes and improvements for
1193 compilation on Windows MSC</li>
1194 <li>update of libxml-doc.el (Felix Natter)</li>
1195 <li>fixed 2 bugs in URI normalization code</li>
1198 <h3>2.3.11: June 17 2001</h3>
1200 <li>updates to trio, Makefiles and configure should fix some portability
1201 problems (alpha)</li>
1202 <li>fixed some HTML serialization problems (pre, script, and block/inline
1203 handling), added encoding aware APIs, cleanup of this code</li>
1204 <li>added xmlHasNsProp()</li>
1205 <li>implemented a specific PI for encoding support in the DocBook SGML
1207 <li>some XPath fixes (-Infinity, / as a function parameter and namespaces
1208 node selection)</li>
1209 <li>fixed a performance problem and an error in the validation code</li>
1210 <li>fixed XInclude routine to implement the recursive behaviour</li>
1211 <li>fixed xmlFreeNode problem when libxml is included statically twice</li>
1212 <li>added --version to xmllint for bug reports</li>
1215 <h3>2.3.10: June 1 2001</h3>
1217 <li>fixed the SGML catalog support</li>
1218 <li>a number of reported bugs got fixed, in XPath, iconv detection,
1219 XInclude processing</li>
1220 <li>XPath string function should now handle unicode correctly</li>
1223 <h3>2.3.9: May 19 2001</h3>
1225 <p>Lots of bugfixes, and added a basic SGML catalog support:</p>
1227 <li>HTML push bugfix #54891 and another patch from Jonas Borgström</li>
1228 <li>some serious speed optimization again</li>
1229 <li>some documentation cleanups</li>
1230 <li>trying to get better linking on Solaris (-R)</li>
1231 <li>XPath API cleanup from Thomas Broyer</li>
1232 <li>Validation bug fixed #54631, added a patch from Gary Pennington, fixed
1233 xmlValidGetValidElements()</li>
1234 <li>Added an INSTALL file</li>
1235 <li>Attribute removal added to API: #54433</li>
1236 <li>added a basic support for SGML catalogs</li>
1237 <li>fixed xmlKeepBlanksDefault(0) API</li>
1238 <li>bugfix in xmlNodeGetLang()</li>
1239 <li>fixed a small configure portability problem</li>
1240 <li>fixed an inversion of SYSTEM and PUBLIC identifier in HTML document</li>
1243 <h3>1.8.13: May 14 2001</h3>
1245 <li>bugfixes release of the old libxml1 branch used by Gnome</li>
1248 <h3>2.3.8: May 3 2001</h3>
1250 <li>Integrated an SGML DocBook parser for the Gnome project</li>
1251 <li>Fixed a few things in the HTML parser</li>
1252 <li>Fixed some XPath bugs raised by XSLT use, tried to fix the floating
1253 point portability issue</li>
1254 <li>Speed improvement (8M/s for SAX, 3M/s for DOM, 1.5M/s for
1255 DOM+validation using the XML REC as input and a 700MHz celeron).</li>
1256 <li>incorporated more Windows cleanup</li>
1257 <li>added xmlSaveFormatFile()</li>
1258 <li>fixed problems in copying nodes with entities references (gdome)</li>
1259 <li>removed some troubles surrounding the new validation module</li>
1262 <h3>2.3.7: April 22 2001</h3>
1264 <li>lots of small bug fixes, corrected XPointer</li>
1265 <li>Non deterministic content model validation support</li>
1266 <li>added xmlDocCopyNode for gdome2</li>
1267 <li>revamped the way the HTML parser handles end of tags</li>
1268 <li>XPath: corrections of namespaces support and number formatting</li>
1269 <li>Windows: Igor Zlatkovic patches for MSC compilation</li>
1270 <li>HTML output fixes from P C Chow and William M. Brack</li>
1271 <li>Improved validation speed sensible for DocBook</li>
1272 <li>fixed a big bug with ID declared in external parsed entities</li>
1273 <li>portability fixes, update of Trio from Bjorn Reese</li>
1276 <h3>2.3.6: April 8 2001</h3>
1278 <li>Code cleanup using extreme gcc compiler warning options, found and
1279 cleared half a dozen potential problem</li>
1280 <li>the Eazel team found an XML parser bug</li>
1281 <li>cleaned up the user of some of the string formatting function. used the
1282 trio library code to provide the one needed when the platform is missing
1284 <li>xpath: removed a memory leak and fixed the predicate evaluation
1285 problem, extended the testsuite and cleaned up the result. XPointer seems
1289 <h3>2.3.5: Mar 23 2001</h3>
1291 <li>Biggest change is separate parsing and evaluation of XPath expressions,
1292 there is some new APIs for this too</li>
1293 <li>included a number of bug fixes(XML push parser, 51876, notations,
1295 <li>Fixed some portability issues</li>
1298 <h3>2.3.4: Mar 10 2001</h3>
1300 <li>Fixed bugs #51860 and #51861</li>
1301 <li>Added a global variable xmlDefaultBufferSize to allow default buffer
1302 size to be application tunable.</li>
1303 <li>Some cleanup in the validation code, still a bug left and this part
1304 should probably be rewritten to support ambiguous content model :-\</li>
1305 <li>Fix a couple of serious bugs introduced or raised by changes in 2.3.3
1307 <li>Fixed another bug in xmlNodeGetContent()</li>
1308 <li>Bjorn fixed XPath node collection and Number formatting</li>
1309 <li>Fixed a loop reported in the HTML parsing</li>
1310 <li>blank space are reported even if the Dtd content model proves that they
1311 are formatting spaces, this is for XML conformance</li>
1314 <h3>2.3.3: Mar 1 2001</h3>
1316 <li>small change in XPath for XSLT</li>
1317 <li>documentation cleanups</li>
1318 <li>fix in validation by Gary Pennington</li>
1319 <li>serious parsing performances improvements</li>
1322 <h3>2.3.2: Feb 24 2001</h3>
1324 <li>chasing XPath bugs, found a bunch, completed some TODO</li>
1325 <li>fixed a Dtd parsing bug</li>
1326 <li>fixed a bug in xmlNodeGetContent</li>
1327 <li>ID/IDREF support partly rewritten by Gary Pennington</li>
1330 <h3>2.3.1: Feb 15 2001</h3>
1332 <li>some XPath and HTML bug fixes for XSLT</li>
1333 <li>small extension of the hash table interfaces for DOM gdome2
1335 <li>A few bug fixes</li>
1338 <h3>2.3.0: Feb 8 2001 (2.2.12 was on 25 Jan but I didn't kept track)</h3>
1340 <li>Lots of XPath bug fixes</li>
1341 <li>Add a mode with Dtd lookup but without validation error reporting for
1343 <li>Add support for text node without escaping (XSLT)</li>
1344 <li>bug fixes for xmlCheckFilename</li>
1345 <li>validation code bug fixes from Gary Pennington</li>
1346 <li>Patch from Paul D. Smith correcting URI path normalization</li>
1347 <li>Patch to allow simultaneous install of libxml-devel and
1349 <li>the example Makefile is now fixed</li>
1350 <li>added HTML to the RPM packages</li>
1351 <li>tree copying bugfixes</li>
1352 <li>updates to Windows makefiles</li>
1353 <li>optimization patch from Bjorn Reese</li>
1356 <h3>2.2.11: Jan 4 2001</h3>
1358 <li>bunch of bug fixes (memory I/O, xpath, ftp/http, ...)</li>
1359 <li>added htmlHandleOmittedElem()</li>
1360 <li>Applied Bjorn Reese's IPV6 first patch</li>
1361 <li>Applied Paul D. Smith patches for validation of XInclude results</li>
1362 <li>added XPointer xmlns() new scheme support</li>
1365 <h3>2.2.10: Nov 25 2000</h3>
1367 <li>Fix the Windows problems of 2.2.8</li>
1368 <li>integrate OpenVMS patches</li>
1369 <li>better handling of some nasty HTML input</li>
1370 <li>Improved the XPointer implementation</li>
1371 <li>integrate a number of provided patches</li>
1374 <h3>2.2.9: Nov 25 2000</h3>
1376 <li>erroneous release :-(</li>
1379 <h3>2.2.8: Nov 13 2000</h3>
1381 <li>First version of <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xinclude">XInclude</a>
1383 <li>Patch in conditional section handling</li>
1384 <li>updated MS compiler project</li>
1385 <li>fixed some XPath problems</li>
1386 <li>added an URI escaping function</li>
1387 <li>some other bug fixes</li>
1390 <h3>2.2.7: Oct 31 2000</h3>
1392 <li>added message redirection</li>
1393 <li>XPath improvements (thanks TOM !)</li>
1394 <li>xmlIOParseDTD() added</li>
1395 <li>various small fixes in the HTML, URI, HTTP and XPointer support</li>
1396 <li>some cleanup of the Makefile, autoconf and the distribution content</li>
1399 <h3>2.2.6: Oct 25 2000:</h3>
1401 <li>Added an hash table module, migrated a number of internal structure to
1403 <li>Fixed a posteriori validation problems</li>
1404 <li>HTTP module cleanups</li>
1405 <li>HTML parser improvements (tag errors, script/style handling, attribute
1407 <li>coalescing of adjacent text nodes</li>
1408 <li>couple of XPath bug fixes, exported the internal API</li>
1411 <h3>2.2.5: Oct 15 2000:</h3>
1413 <li>XPointer implementation and testsuite</li>
1414 <li>Lot of XPath fixes, added variable and functions registration, more
1416 <li>Portability fixes, lots of enhancements toward an easy Windows build
1418 <li>Late validation fixes</li>
1419 <li>Integrated a lot of contributed patches</li>
1420 <li>added memory management docs</li>
1421 <li>a performance problem when using large buffer seems fixed</li>
1424 <h3>2.2.4: Oct 1 2000:</h3>
1426 <li>main XPath problem fixed</li>
1427 <li>Integrated portability patches for Windows</li>
1428 <li>Serious bug fixes on the URI and HTML code</li>
1431 <h3>2.2.3: Sep 17 2000</h3>
1434 <li>cleanup of entity handling code</li>
1435 <li>overall review of all loops in the parsers, all sprintf usage has been
1437 <li>Far better handling of larges Dtd. Validating against DocBook XML Dtd
1438 works smoothly now.</li>
1441 <h3>1.8.10: Sep 6 2000</h3>
1443 <li>bug fix release for some Gnome projects</li>
1446 <h3>2.2.2: August 12 2000</h3>
1448 <li>mostly bug fixes</li>
1449 <li>started adding routines to access xml parser context options</li>
1452 <h3>2.2.1: July 21 2000</h3>
1454 <li>a purely bug fixes release</li>
1455 <li>fixed an encoding support problem when parsing from a memory block</li>
1456 <li>fixed a DOCTYPE parsing problem</li>
1457 <li>removed a bug in the function allowing to override the memory
1458 allocation routines</li>
1461 <h3>2.2.0: July 14 2000</h3>
1463 <li>applied a lot of portability fixes</li>
1464 <li>better encoding support/cleanup and saving (content is now always
1465 encoded in UTF-8)</li>
1466 <li>the HTML parser now correctly handles encodings</li>
1467 <li>added xmlHasProp()</li>
1468 <li>fixed a serious problem with &#38;</li>
1469 <li>propagated the fix to FTP client</li>
1470 <li>cleanup, bugfixes, etc ...</li>
1471 <li>Added a page about <a href="encoding.html">libxml Internationalization
1475 <h3>1.8.9: July 9 2000</h3>
1477 <li>fixed the spec the RPMs should be better</li>
1478 <li>fixed a serious bug in the FTP implementation, released 1.8.9 to solve
1479 rpmfind users problem</li>
1482 <h3>2.1.1: July 1 2000</h3>
1484 <li>fixes a couple of bugs in the 2.1.0 packaging</li>
1485 <li>improvements on the HTML parser</li>
1488 <h3>2.1.0 and 1.8.8: June 29 2000</h3>
1490 <li>1.8.8 is mostly a commodity package for upgrading to libxml2 according
1491 to <a href="upgrade.html">new instructions</a>. It fixes a nasty problem
1492 about &#38; charref parsing</li>
1493 <li>2.1.0 also ease the upgrade from libxml v1 to the recent version. it
1494 also contains numerous fixes and enhancements:
1496 <li>added xmlStopParser() to stop parsing</li>
1497 <li>improved a lot parsing speed when there is large CDATA blocs</li>
1498 <li>includes XPath patches provided by Picdar Technology</li>
1499 <li>tried to fix as much as possible DTD validation and namespace
1500 related problems</li>
1501 <li>output to a given encoding has been added/tested</li>
1502 <li>lot of various fixes</li>
1507 <h3>2.0.0: Apr 12 2000</h3>
1509 <li>First public release of libxml2. If you are using libxml, it's a good
1510 idea to check the 1.x to 2.x upgrade instructions. NOTE: while initially
1511 scheduled for Apr 3 the release occurred only on Apr 12 due to massive
1513 <li>The include are now located under $prefix/include/libxml (instead of
1514 $prefix/include/gnome-xml), they also are referenced by
1515 <pre>#include <libxml/xxx.h></pre>
1517 <pre>#include "xxx.h"</pre>
1519 <li>a new URI module for parsing URIs and following strictly RFC 2396</li>
1520 <li>the memory allocation routines used by libxml can now be overloaded
1521 dynamically by using xmlMemSetup()</li>
1522 <li>The previously CVS only tool tester has been renamed
1523 <strong>xmllint</strong> and is now installed as part of the libxml2
1525 <li>The I/O interface has been revamped. There is now ways to plug in
1526 specific I/O modules, either at the URI scheme detection level using
1527 xmlRegisterInputCallbacks() or by passing I/O functions when creating a
1528 parser context using xmlCreateIOParserCtxt()</li>
1529 <li>there is a C preprocessor macro LIBXML_VERSION providing the version
1530 number of the libxml module in use</li>
1531 <li>a number of optional features of libxml can now be excluded at
1532 configure time (FTP/HTTP/HTML/XPath/Debug)</li>
1535 <h3>2.0.0beta: Mar 14 2000</h3>
1537 <li>This is a first Beta release of libxml version 2</li>
1538 <li>It's available only from<a href="ftp://xmlsoft.org/">xmlsoft.org
1539 FTP</a>, it's packaged as libxml2-2.0.0beta and available as tar and
1541 <li>This version is now the head in the Gnome CVS base, the old one is
1542 available under the tag LIB_XML_1_X</li>
1543 <li>This includes a very large set of changes. From a programmatic point
1544 of view applications should not have to be modified too much, check the
1545 <a href="upgrade.html">upgrade page</a></li>
1546 <li>Some interfaces may changes (especially a bit about encoding).</li>
1547 <li>the updates includes:
1549 <li>fix I18N support. ISO-Latin-x/UTF-8/UTF-16 (nearly) seems correctly
1551 <li>Better handling of entities, especially well-formedness checking
1552 and proper PEref extensions in external subsets</li>
1553 <li>DTD conditional sections</li>
1554 <li>Validation now correctly handle entities content</li>
1555 <li><a href="http://rpmfind.net/tools/gdome/messages/0039.html">change
1556 structures to accommodate DOM</a></li>
1559 <li>Serious progress were made toward compliance, <a
1560 href="conf/result.html">here are the result of the test</a> against the
1561 OASIS testsuite (except the Japanese tests since I don't support that
1562 encoding yet). This URL is rebuilt every couple of hours using the CVS
1566 <h3>1.8.7: Mar 6 2000</h3>
1568 <li>This is a bug fix release:</li>
1569 <li>It is possible to disable the ignorable blanks heuristic used by
1570 libxml-1.x, a new function xmlKeepBlanksDefault(0) will allow this. Note
1571 that for adherence to XML spec, this behaviour will be disabled by
1572 default in 2.x . The same function will allow to keep compatibility for
1574 <li>Blanks in <a> </a> constructs are not ignored anymore,
1575 avoiding heuristic is really the Right Way :-\</li>
1576 <li>The unchecked use of snprintf which was breaking libxml-1.8.6
1577 compilation on some platforms has been fixed</li>
1578 <li>nanoftp.c nanohttp.c: Fixed '#' and '?' stripping when processing
1582 <h3>1.8.6: Jan 31 2000</h3>
1584 <li>added a nanoFTP transport module, debugged until the new version of <a
1585 href="http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/rpmfind.html">rpmfind</a> can use
1586 it without troubles</li>
1589 <h3>1.8.5: Jan 21 2000</h3>
1591 <li>adding APIs to parse a well balanced chunk of XML (production <a
1592 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml#NT-content">[43] content</a> of the
1594 <li>fixed a hideous bug in xmlGetProp pointed by Rune.Djurhuus@fast.no</li>
1595 <li>Jody Goldberg <jgoldberg@home.com> provided another patch trying
1596 to solve the zlib checks problems</li>
1597 <li>The current state in gnome CVS base is expected to ship as 1.8.5 with
1601 <h3>1.8.4: Jan 13 2000</h3>
1603 <li>bug fixes, reintroduced xmlNewGlobalNs(), fixed xmlNewNs()</li>
1604 <li>all exit() call should have been removed from libxml</li>
1605 <li>fixed a problem with INCLUDE_WINSOCK on WIN32 platform</li>
1606 <li>added newDocFragment()</li>
1609 <h3>1.8.3: Jan 5 2000</h3>
1611 <li>a Push interface for the XML and HTML parsers</li>
1612 <li>a shell-like interface to the document tree (try tester --shell :-)</li>
1613 <li>lots of bug fixes and improvement added over XMas holidays</li>
1614 <li>fixed the DTD parsing code to work with the xhtml DTD</li>
1615 <li>added xmlRemoveProp(), xmlRemoveID() and xmlRemoveRef()</li>
1616 <li>Fixed bugs in xmlNewNs()</li>
1617 <li>External entity loading code has been revamped, now it uses
1618 xmlLoadExternalEntity(), some fix on entities processing were added</li>
1619 <li>cleaned up WIN32 includes of socket stuff</li>
1622 <h3>1.8.2: Dec 21 1999</h3>
1624 <li>I got another problem with includes and C++, I hope this issue is fixed
1625 for good this time</li>
1626 <li>Added a few tree modification functions: xmlReplaceNode,
1627 xmlAddPrevSibling, xmlAddNextSibling, xmlNodeSetName and
1628 xmlDocSetRootElement</li>
1629 <li>Tried to improve the HTML output with help from <a
1630 href="mailto:clahey@umich.edu">Chris Lahey</a></li>
1633 <h3>1.8.1: Dec 18 1999</h3>
1635 <li>various patches to avoid troubles when using libxml with C++ compilers
1636 the "namespace" keyword and C escaping in include files</li>
1637 <li>a problem in one of the core macros IS_CHAR was corrected</li>
1638 <li>fixed a bug introduced in 1.8.0 breaking default namespace processing,
1639 and more specifically the Dia application</li>
1640 <li>fixed a posteriori validation (validation after parsing, or by using a
1641 Dtd not specified in the original document)</li>
1642 <li>fixed a bug in</li>
1645 <h3>1.8.0: Dec 12 1999</h3>
1647 <li>cleanup, especially memory wise</li>
1648 <li>the parser should be more reliable, especially the HTML one, it should
1649 not crash, whatever the input !</li>
1650 <li>Integrated various patches, especially a speedup improvement for large
1651 dataset from <a href="mailto:cnygard@bellatlantic.net">Carl Nygard</a>,
1652 configure with --with-buffers to enable them.</li>
1653 <li>attribute normalization, oops should have been added long ago !</li>
1654 <li>attributes defaulted from DTDs should be available, xmlSetProp() now
1655 does entities escaping by default.</li>
1658 <h3>1.7.4: Oct 25 1999</h3>
1660 <li>Lots of HTML improvement</li>
1661 <li>Fixed some errors when saving both XML and HTML</li>
1662 <li>More examples, the regression tests should now look clean</li>
1663 <li>Fixed a bug with contiguous charref</li>
1666 <h3>1.7.3: Sep 29 1999</h3>
1668 <li>portability problems fixed</li>
1669 <li>snprintf was used unconditionally, leading to link problems on system
1670 were it's not available, fixed</li>
1673 <h3>1.7.1: Sep 24 1999</h3>
1675 <li>The basic type for strings manipulated by libxml has been renamed in
1676 1.7.1 from <strong>CHAR</strong> to <strong>xmlChar</strong>. The reason
1677 is that CHAR was conflicting with a predefined type on Windows. However
1678 on non WIN32 environment, compatibility is provided by the way of a
1679 <strong>#define </strong>.</li>
1680 <li>Changed another error : the use of a structure field called errno, and
1681 leading to troubles on platforms where it's a macro</li>
1684 <h3>1.7.0: Sep 23 1999</h3>
1686 <li>Added the ability to fetch remote DTD or parsed entities, see the <a
1687 href="html/libxml-nanohttp.html">nanohttp</a> module.</li>
1688 <li>Added an errno to report errors by another mean than a simple printf
1690 <li>Finished ID/IDREF support and checking when validation</li>
1691 <li>Serious memory leaks fixed (there is now a <a
1692 href="html/libxml-xmlmemory.html">memory wrapper</a> module)</li>
1693 <li>Improvement of <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath">XPath</a>
1695 <li>Added an HTML parser front-end</li>
1698 <h2><a name="XML">XML</a></h2>
1700 <p><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml">XML is a standard</a> for
1701 markup-based structured documents. Here is <a name="example">an example XML
1703 <pre><?xml version="1.0"?>
1704 <EXAMPLE prop1="gnome is great" prop2="&amp; linux too">
1706 <title>Welcome to Gnome</title>
1709 <title>The Linux adventure</title>
1710 <p>bla bla bla ...</p>
1711 <image href="linus.gif"/>
1712 <p>...</p>
1714 </EXAMPLE></pre>
1716 <p>The first line specifies that it is an XML document and gives useful
1717 information about its encoding. Then the rest of the document is a text
1718 format whose structure is specified by tags between brackets. <strong>Each
1719 tag opened has to be closed</strong>. XML is pedantic about this. However, if
1720 a tag is empty (no content), a single tag can serve as both the opening and
1721 closing tag if it ends with <code>/></code> rather than with
1722 <code>></code>. Note that, for example, the image tag has no content (just
1723 an attribute) and is closed by ending the tag with <code>/></code>.</p>
1725 <p>XML can be applied successfully to a wide range of tasks, ranging from
1726 long term structured document maintenance (where it follows the steps of
1727 SGML) to simple data encoding mechanisms like configuration file formatting
1728 (glade), spreadsheets (gnumeric), or even shorter lived documents such as
1729 WebDAV where it is used to encode remote calls between a client and a
1732 <h2><a name="XSLT">XSLT</a></h2>
1734 <p>Check <a href="http://xmlsoft.org/XSLT">the separate libxslt page</a></p>
1736 <p><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt">XSL Transformations</a>, is a
1737 language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents (or
1738 HTML/textual output).</p>
1740 <p>A separate library called libxslt is available implementing XSLT-1.0 for
1741 libxml2. This module "libxslt" too can be found in the Gnome CVS base.</p>
1743 <p>You can check the <a
1744 href="http://cvs.gnome.org/lxr/source/libxslt/FEATURES">features</a>
1745 supported and the progresses on the <a
1746 href="http://cvs.gnome.org/lxr/source/libxslt/ChangeLog"
1747 name="Changelog">Changelog</a>.</p>
1749 <h2><a name="Python">Python and bindings</a></h2>
1751 <p>There are a number of language bindings and wrappers available for
1752 libxml2, the list below is not exhaustive. Please contact the <a
1753 href="http://mail.gnome.org/mailman/listinfo/xml-bindings">xml-bindings@gnome.org</a>
1754 (<a href="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml-bindings/">archives</a>) in
1755 order to get updates to this list or to discuss the specific topic of libxml2
1756 or libxslt wrappers or bindings:</p>
1758 <li><a href="http://libxmlplusplus.sourceforge.net/">Libxml++</a> seems the
1759 most up-to-date C++ bindings for libxml2, check the <a
1760 href="http://libxmlplusplus.sourceforge.net/reference/html/hierarchy.html">documentation</a>
1762 href="http://cvs.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/libxmlplusplus/libxml%2b%2b/examples/">examples</a>.</li>
1763 <li>There is another <a href="http://libgdome-cpp.berlios.de/">C++ wrapper
1764 based on the gdome2 bindings</a> maintained by Tobias Peters.</li>
1765 <li>and a third C++ wrapper by Peter Jones <pjones@pmade.org>
1767 href="http://pmade.org/pjones/software/xmlwrapp/">http://pmade.org/pjones/software/xmlwrapp/</a></p>
1770 href="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/2001-March/msg00014.html">Matt
1771 Sergeant</a> developed <a
1772 href="http://axkit.org/download/">XML::LibXSLT</a>, a Perl wrapper for
1773 libxml2/libxslt as part of the <a href="http://axkit.com/">AxKit XML
1774 application server</a>.</li>
1775 <li><a href="mailto:dkuhlman@cutter.rexx.com">Dave Kuhlman</a> provides an
1776 earlier version of the libxml/libxslt <a
1777 href="http://www.rexx.com/~dkuhlman">wrappers for Python</a>.</li>
1778 <li>Gopal.V and Peter Minten develop <a
1779 href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/libxmlsharp">libxml#</a>, a set of
1780 C# libxml2 bindings.</li>
1781 <li>Petr Kozelka provides <a
1782 href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/libxml2-pas">Pascal units to glue
1783 libxml2</a> with Kylix, Delphi and other Pascal compilers.</li>
1784 <li>Uwe Fechner also provides <a
1785 href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/idom2-pas/">idom2</a>, a DOM2
1786 implementation for Kylix2/D5/D6 from Borland.</li>
1787 <li>Wai-Sun "Squidster" Chia provides <a
1788 href="http://www.rubycolor.org/arc/redist/">bindings for Ruby</a> and
1789 libxml2 bindings are also available in Ruby through the <a
1790 href="http://libgdome-ruby.berlios.de/">libgdome-ruby</a> module
1791 maintained by Tobias Peters.</li>
1792 <li>Steve Ball and contributors maintains <a
1793 href="http://tclxml.sourceforge.net/">libxml2 and libxslt bindings for
1795 <li>There is support for libxml2 in the DOM module of PHP.</li>
1796 <li><a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/classpathx/">LibxmlJ</a> is
1797 an effort to create a 100% JAXP-compatible Java wrapper for libxml2 and
1798 libxslt as part of GNU ClasspathX project.</li>
1801 <p>The distribution includes a set of Python bindings, which are guaranteed
1802 to be maintained as part of the library in the future, though the Python
1803 interface have not yet reached the completeness of the C API.</p>
1805 <p><a href="mailto:stephane.bidoul@softwareag.com">Stéphane Bidoul</a>
1806 maintains <a href="http://users.skynet.be/sbi/libxml-python/">a Windows port
1807 of the Python bindings</a>.</p>
1809 <p>Note to people interested in building bindings, the API is formalized as
1810 <a href="libxml2-api.xml">an XML API description file</a> which allows to
1811 automate a large part of the Python bindings, this includes function
1812 descriptions, enums, structures, typedefs, etc... The Python script used to
1813 build the bindings is python/generator.py in the source distribution.</p>
1815 <p>To install the Python bindings there are 2 options:</p>
1817 <li>If you use an RPM based distribution, simply install the <a
1818 href="http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=libxml2-python">libxml2-python
1819 RPM</a> (and if needed the <a
1820 href="http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=libxslt-python">libxslt-python
1822 <li>Otherwise use the <a href="ftp://xmlsoft.org/python/">libxml2-python
1823 module distribution</a> corresponding to your installed version of
1824 libxml2 and libxslt. Note that to install it you will need both libxml2
1825 and libxslt installed and run "python setup.py build install" in the
1829 <p>The distribution includes a set of examples and regression tests for the
1830 python bindings in the <code>python/tests</code> directory. Here are some
1831 excerpts from those tests:</p>
1835 <p>This is a basic test of the file interface and DOM navigation:</p>
1838 doc = libxml2.parseFile("tst.xml")
1839 if doc.name != "tst.xml":
1840 print "doc.name failed"
1843 if root.name != "doc":
1844 print "root.name failed"
1846 child = root.children
1847 if child.name != "foo":
1848 print "child.name failed"
1852 <p>The Python module is called libxml2; parseFile is the equivalent of
1853 xmlParseFile (most of the bindings are automatically generated, and the xml
1854 prefix is removed and the casing convention are kept). All node seen at the
1855 binding level share the same subset of accessors:</p>
1857 <li><code>name</code> : returns the node name</li>
1858 <li><code>type</code> : returns a string indicating the node type</li>
1859 <li><code>content</code> : returns the content of the node, it is based on
1860 xmlNodeGetContent() and hence is recursive.</li>
1861 <li><code>parent</code> , <code>children</code>, <code>last</code>,
1862 <code>next</code>, <code>prev</code>, <code>doc</code>,
1863 <code>properties</code>: pointing to the associated element in the tree,
1864 those may return None in case no such link exists.</li>
1867 <p>Also note the need to explicitly deallocate documents with freeDoc() .
1868 Reference counting for libxml2 trees would need quite a lot of work to
1869 function properly, and rather than risk memory leaks if not implemented
1870 correctly it sounds safer to have an explicit function to free a tree. The
1871 wrapper python objects like doc, root or child are them automatically garbage
1874 <h3>validate.py:</h3>
1876 <p>This test check the validation interfaces and redirection of error
1880 #deactivate error messages from the validation
1881 def noerr(ctx, str):
1884 libxml2.registerErrorHandler(noerr, None)
1886 ctxt = libxml2.createFileParserCtxt("invalid.xml")
1888 ctxt.parseDocument()
1890 valid = ctxt.isValid()
1893 print "validity check failed"</pre>
1895 <p>The first thing to notice is the call to registerErrorHandler(), it
1896 defines a new error handler global to the library. It is used to avoid seeing
1897 the error messages when trying to validate the invalid document.</p>
1899 <p>The main interest of that test is the creation of a parser context with
1900 createFileParserCtxt() and how the behaviour can be changed before calling
1901 parseDocument() . Similarly the informations resulting from the parsing phase
1902 are also available using context methods.</p>
1904 <p>Contexts like nodes are defined as class and the libxml2 wrappers maps the
1905 C function interfaces in terms of objects method as much as possible. The
1906 best to get a complete view of what methods are supported is to look at the
1907 libxml2.py module containing all the wrappers.</p>
1911 <p>This test show how to activate the push parser interface:</p>
1914 ctxt = libxml2.createPushParser(None, "<foo", 4, "test.xml")
1915 ctxt.parseChunk("/>", 2, 1)
1920 <p>The context is created with a special call based on the
1921 xmlCreatePushParser() from the C library. The first argument is an optional
1922 SAX callback object, then the initial set of data, the length and the name of
1923 the resource in case URI-References need to be computed by the parser.</p>
1925 <p>Then the data are pushed using the parseChunk() method, the last call
1926 setting the third argument terminate to 1.</p>
1928 <h3>pushSAX.py:</h3>
1930 <p>this test show the use of the event based parsing interfaces. In this case
1931 the parser does not build a document, but provides callback information as
1932 the parser makes progresses analyzing the data being provided:</p>
1937 def startDocument(self):
1939 log = log + "startDocument:"
1941 def endDocument(self):
1943 log = log + "endDocument:"
1945 def startElement(self, tag, attrs):
1947 log = log + "startElement %s %s:" % (tag, attrs)
1949 def endElement(self, tag):
1951 log = log + "endElement %s:" % (tag)
1953 def characters(self, data):
1955 log = log + "characters: %s:" % (data)
1957 def warning(self, msg):
1959 log = log + "warning: %s:" % (msg)
1961 def error(self, msg):
1963 log = log + "error: %s:" % (msg)
1965 def fatalError(self, msg):
1967 log = log + "fatalError: %s:" % (msg)
1969 handler = callback()
1971 ctxt = libxml2.createPushParser(handler, "<foo", 4, "test.xml")
1972 chunk = " url='tst'>b"
1973 ctxt.parseChunk(chunk, len(chunk), 0)
1974 chunk = "ar</foo>"
1975 ctxt.parseChunk(chunk, len(chunk), 1)
1977 reference = "startDocument:startElement foo {'url': 'tst'}:" + \
1978 "characters: bar:endElement foo:endDocument:"
1979 if log != reference:
1980 print "Error got: %s" % log
1981 print "Expected: %s" % reference</pre>
1983 <p>The key object in that test is the handler, it provides a number of entry
1984 points which can be called by the parser as it makes progresses to indicate
1985 the information set obtained. The full set of callback is larger than what
1986 the callback class in that specific example implements (see the SAX
1987 definition for a complete list). The wrapper will only call those supplied by
1988 the object when activated. The startElement receives the names of the element
1989 and a dictionary containing the attributes carried by this element.</p>
1991 <p>Also note that the reference string generated from the callback shows a
1992 single character call even though the string "bar" is passed to the parser
1993 from 2 different call to parseChunk()</p>
1997 <p>This is a basic test of XPath wrappers support</p>
2000 doc = libxml2.parseFile("tst.xml")
2001 ctxt = doc.xpathNewContext()
2002 res = ctxt.xpathEval("//*")
2004 print "xpath query: wrong node set size"
2006 if res[0].name != "doc" or res[1].name != "foo":
2007 print "xpath query: wrong node set value"
2010 ctxt.xpathFreeContext()</pre>
2012 <p>This test parses a file, then create an XPath context to evaluate XPath
2013 expression on it. The xpathEval() method execute an XPath query and returns
2014 the result mapped in a Python way. String and numbers are natively converted,
2015 and node sets are returned as a tuple of libxml2 Python nodes wrappers. Like
2016 the document, the XPath context need to be freed explicitly, also not that
2017 the result of the XPath query may point back to the document tree and hence
2018 the document must be freed after the result of the query is used.</p>
2020 <h3>xpathext.py:</h3>
2022 <p>This test shows how to extend the XPath engine with functions written in
2029 doc = libxml2.parseFile("tst.xml")
2030 ctxt = doc.xpathNewContext()
2031 libxml2.registerXPathFunction(ctxt._o, "foo", None, foo)
2032 res = ctxt.xpathEval("foo(1)")
2034 print "xpath extension failure"
2036 ctxt.xpathFreeContext()</pre>
2038 <p>Note how the extension function is registered with the context (but that
2039 part is not yet finalized, this may change slightly in the future).</p>
2041 <h3>tstxpath.py:</h3>
2043 <p>This test is similar to the previous one but shows how the extension
2044 function can access the XPath evaluation context:</p>
2045 <pre>def foo(ctx, x):
2049 # test that access to the XPath evaluation contexts
2051 pctxt = libxml2.xpathParserContext(_obj=ctx)
2052 ctxt = pctxt.context()
2053 called = ctxt.function()
2056 <p>All the interfaces around the XPath parser(or rather evaluation) context
2057 are not finalized, but it should be sufficient to do contextual work at the
2058 evaluation point.</p>
2060 <h3>Memory debugging:</h3>
2062 <p>last but not least, all tests starts with the following prologue:</p>
2063 <pre>#memory debug specific
2064 libxml2.debugMemory(1)</pre>
2066 <p>and ends with the following epilogue:</p>
2067 <pre>#memory debug specific
2068 libxml2.cleanupParser()
2069 if libxml2.debugMemory(1) == 0:
2072 print "Memory leak %d bytes" % (libxml2.debugMemory(1))
2073 libxml2.dumpMemory()</pre>
2075 <p>Those activate the memory debugging interface of libxml2 where all
2076 allocated block in the library are tracked. The prologue then cleans up the
2077 library state and checks that all allocated memory has been freed. If not it
2078 calls dumpMemory() which saves that list in a <code>.memdump</code> file.</p>
2080 <h2><a name="architecture">libxml2 architecture</a></h2>
2082 <p>Libxml2 is made of multiple components; some of them are optional, and
2083 most of the block interfaces are public. The main components are:</p>
2085 <li>an Input/Output layer</li>
2086 <li>FTP and HTTP client layers (optional)</li>
2087 <li>an Internationalization layer managing the encodings support</li>
2088 <li>a URI module</li>
2089 <li>the XML parser and its basic SAX interface</li>
2090 <li>an HTML parser using the same SAX interface (optional)</li>
2091 <li>a SAX tree module to build an in-memory DOM representation</li>
2092 <li>a tree module to manipulate the DOM representation</li>
2093 <li>a validation module using the DOM representation (optional)</li>
2094 <li>an XPath module for global lookup in a DOM representation
2096 <li>a debug module (optional)</li>
2099 <p>Graphically this gives the following:</p>
2101 <p><img src="libxml.gif" alt="a graphical view of the various"></p>
2105 <h2><a name="tree">The tree output</a></h2>
2107 <p>The parser returns a tree built during the document analysis. The value
2108 returned is an <strong>xmlDocPtr</strong> (i.e., a pointer to an
2109 <strong>xmlDoc</strong> structure). This structure contains information such
2110 as the file name, the document type, and a <strong>children</strong> pointer
2111 which is the root of the document (or more exactly the first child under the
2112 root which is the document). The tree is made of <strong>xmlNode</strong>s,
2113 chained in double-linked lists of siblings and with a children<->parent
2114 relationship. An xmlNode can also carry properties (a chain of xmlAttr
2115 structures). An attribute may have a value which is a list of TEXT or
2116 ENTITY_REF nodes.</p>
2118 <p>Here is an example (erroneous with respect to the XML spec since there
2119 should be only one ELEMENT under the root):</p>
2121 <p><img src="structure.gif" alt=" structure.gif "></p>
2123 <p>In the source package there is a small program (not installed by default)
2124 called <strong>xmllint</strong> which parses XML files given as argument and
2125 prints them back as parsed. This is useful for detecting errors both in XML
2126 code and in the XML parser itself. It has an option <strong>--debug</strong>
2127 which prints the actual in-memory structure of the document; here is the
2128 result with the <a href="#example">example</a> given before:</p>
2135 content=gnome is great
2143 content=Welcome to Gnome
2147 content=The Linux adventure
2150 content=bla bla bla ...
2159 <p>This should be useful for learning the internal representation model.</p>
2161 <h2><a name="interface">The SAX interface</a></h2>
2163 <p>Sometimes the DOM tree output is just too large to fit reasonably into
2164 memory. In that case (and if you don't expect to save back the XML document
2165 loaded using libxml), it's better to use the SAX interface of libxml. SAX is
2166 a <strong>callback-based interface</strong> to the parser. Before parsing,
2167 the application layer registers a customized set of callbacks which are
2168 called by the library as it progresses through the XML input.</p>
2170 <p>To get more detailed step-by-step guidance on using the SAX interface of
2172 href="http://www.daa.com.au/~james/gnome/xml-sax/xml-sax.html">nice
2173 documentation</a>.written by <a href="mailto:james@daa.com.au">James
2176 <p>You can debug the SAX behaviour by using the <strong>testSAX</strong>
2177 program located in the gnome-xml module (it's usually not shipped in the
2178 binary packages of libxml, but you can find it in the tar source
2179 distribution). Here is the sequence of callbacks that would be reported by
2180 testSAX when parsing the example XML document shown earlier:</p>
2181 <pre>SAX.setDocumentLocator()
2184 SAX.startElement(EXAMPLE, prop1='gnome is great', prop2='&amp; linux too')
2185 SAX.characters( , 3)
2186 SAX.startElement(head)
2187 SAX.characters( , 4)
2188 SAX.startElement(title)
2189 SAX.characters(Welcome to Gnome, 16)
2190 SAX.endElement(title)
2191 SAX.characters( , 3)
2192 SAX.endElement(head)
2193 SAX.characters( , 3)
2194 SAX.startElement(chapter)
2195 SAX.characters( , 4)
2196 SAX.startElement(title)
2197 SAX.characters(The Linux adventure, 19)
2198 SAX.endElement(title)
2199 SAX.characters( , 4)
2201 SAX.characters(bla bla bla ..., 15)
2203 SAX.characters( , 4)
2204 SAX.startElement(image, href='linus.gif')
2205 SAX.endElement(image)
2206 SAX.characters( , 4)
2208 SAX.characters(..., 3)
2210 SAX.characters( , 3)
2211 SAX.endElement(chapter)
2212 SAX.characters( , 1)
2213 SAX.endElement(EXAMPLE)
2214 SAX.endDocument()</pre>
2216 <p>Most of the other interfaces of libxml2 are based on the DOM tree-building
2217 facility, so nearly everything up to the end of this document presupposes the
2218 use of the standard DOM tree build. Note that the DOM tree itself is built by
2219 a set of registered default callbacks, without internal specific
2222 <h2><a name="Validation">Validation & DTDs</a></h2>
2224 <p>Table of Content:</p>
2226 <li><a href="#General5">General overview</a></li>
2227 <li><a href="#definition">The definition</a></li>
2228 <li><a href="#Simple">Simple rules</a>
2230 <li><a href="#reference">How to reference a DTD from a document</a></li>
2231 <li><a href="#Declaring">Declaring elements</a></li>
2232 <li><a href="#Declaring1">Declaring attributes</a></li>
2235 <li><a href="#Some">Some examples</a></li>
2236 <li><a href="#validate">How to validate</a></li>
2237 <li><a href="#Other">Other resources</a></li>
2240 <h3><a name="General5">General overview</a></h3>
2242 <p>Well what is validation and what is a DTD ?</p>
2244 <p>DTD is the acronym for Document Type Definition. This is a description of
2245 the content for a family of XML files. This is part of the XML 1.0
2246 specification, and allows one to describe and verify that a given document
2247 instance conforms to the set of rules detailing its structure and content.</p>
2249 <p>Validation is the process of checking a document against a DTD (more
2250 generally against a set of construction rules).</p>
2252 <p>The validation process and building DTDs are the two most difficult parts
2253 of the XML life cycle. Briefly a DTD defines all the possible elements to be
2254 found within your document, what is the formal shape of your document tree
2255 (by defining the allowed content of an element; either text, a regular
2256 expression for the allowed list of children, or mixed content i.e. both text
2257 and children). The DTD also defines the valid attributes for all elements and
2258 the types of those attributes.</p>
2260 <h3><a name="definition1">The definition</a></h3>
2262 <p>The <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml">W3C XML Recommendation</a> (<a
2263 href="http://www.xml.com/axml/axml.html">Tim Bray's annotated version of
2266 <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml#elemdecls">Declaring
2268 <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml#attdecls">Declaring
2272 <p>(unfortunately) all this is inherited from the SGML world, the syntax is
2275 <h3><a name="Simple1">Simple rules</a></h3>
2277 <p>Writing DTDs can be done in many ways. The rules to build them if you need
2278 something permanent or something which can evolve over time can be radically
2279 different. Really complex DTDs like DocBook ones are flexible but quite
2280 harder to design. I will just focus on DTDs for a formats with a fixed simple
2281 structure. It is just a set of basic rules, and definitely not exhaustive nor
2282 usable for complex DTD design.</p>
2284 <h4><a name="reference1">How to reference a DTD from a document</a>:</h4>
2286 <p>Assuming the top element of the document is <code>spec</code> and the dtd
2287 is placed in the file <code>mydtd</code> in the subdirectory
2288 <code>dtds</code> of the directory from where the document were loaded:</p>
2290 <p><code><!DOCTYPE spec SYSTEM "dtds/mydtd"></code></p>
2294 <li>The system string is actually an URI-Reference (as defined in <a
2295 href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>) so you can use a
2296 full URL string indicating the location of your DTD on the Web. This is a
2297 really good thing to do if you want others to validate your document.</li>
2298 <li>It is also possible to associate a <code>PUBLIC</code> identifier (a
2299 magic string) so that the DTD is looked up in catalogs on the client side
2300 without having to locate it on the web.</li>
2301 <li>A DTD contains a set of element and attribute declarations, but they
2302 don't define what the root of the document should be. This is explicitly
2303 told to the parser/validator as the first element of the
2304 <code>DOCTYPE</code> declaration.</li>
2307 <h4><a name="Declaring2">Declaring elements</a>:</h4>
2309 <p>The following declares an element <code>spec</code>:</p>
2311 <p><code><!ELEMENT spec (front, body, back?)></code></p>
2313 <p>It also expresses that the spec element contains one <code>front</code>,
2314 one <code>body</code> and one optional <code>back</code> children elements in
2315 this order. The declaration of one element of the structure and its content
2316 are done in a single declaration. Similarly the following declares
2317 <code>div1</code> elements:</p>
2319 <p><code><!ELEMENT div1 (head, (p | list | note)*, div2?)></code></p>
2321 <p>which means div1 contains one <code>head</code> then a series of optional
2322 <code>p</code>, <code>list</code>s and <code>note</code>s and then an
2323 optional <code>div2</code>. And last but not least an element can contain
2326 <p><code><!ELEMENT b (#PCDATA)></code></p>
2328 <p><code>b</code> contains text or being of mixed content (text and elements
2329 in no particular order):</p>
2331 <p><code><!ELEMENT p (#PCDATA|a|ul|b|i|em)*></code></p>
2333 <p><code>p </code>can contain text or <code>a</code>, <code>ul</code>,
2334 <code>b</code>, <code>i </code>or <code>em</code> elements in no particular
2337 <h4><a name="Declaring1">Declaring attributes</a>:</h4>
2339 <p>Again the attributes declaration includes their content definition:</p>
2341 <p><code><!ATTLIST termdef name CDATA #IMPLIED></code></p>
2343 <p>means that the element <code>termdef</code> can have a <code>name</code>
2344 attribute containing text (<code>CDATA</code>) and which is optional
2345 (<code>#IMPLIED</code>). The attribute value can also be defined within a
2348 <p><code><!ATTLIST list type (bullets|ordered|glossary)
2349 "ordered"></code></p>
2351 <p>means <code>list</code> element have a <code>type</code> attribute with 3
2352 allowed values "bullets", "ordered" or "glossary" and which default to
2353 "ordered" if the attribute is not explicitly specified.</p>
2355 <p>The content type of an attribute can be text (<code>CDATA</code>),
2356 anchor/reference/references
2357 (<code>ID</code>/<code>IDREF</code>/<code>IDREFS</code>), entity(ies)
2358 (<code>ENTITY</code>/<code>ENTITIES</code>) or name(s)
2359 (<code>NMTOKEN</code>/<code>NMTOKENS</code>). The following defines that a
2360 <code>chapter</code> element can have an optional <code>id</code> attribute
2361 of type <code>ID</code>, usable for reference from attribute of type
2364 <p><code><!ATTLIST chapter id ID #IMPLIED></code></p>
2366 <p>The last value of an attribute definition can be <code>#REQUIRED
2367 </code>meaning that the attribute has to be given, <code>#IMPLIED</code>
2368 meaning that it is optional, or the default value (possibly prefixed by
2369 <code>#FIXED</code> if it is the only allowed).</p>
2373 <li>Usually the attributes pertaining to a given element are declared in a
2374 single expression, but it is just a convention adopted by a lot of DTD
2376 <pre><!ATTLIST termdef
2378 name CDATA #IMPLIED></pre>
2379 <p>The previous construct defines both <code>id</code> and
2380 <code>name</code> attributes for the element <code>termdef</code>.</p>
2384 <h3><a name="Some1">Some examples</a></h3>
2386 <p>The directory <code>test/valid/dtds/</code> in the libxml2 distribution
2387 contains some complex DTD examples. The example in the file
2388 <code>test/valid/dia.xml</code> shows an XML file where the simple DTD is
2389 directly included within the document.</p>
2391 <h3><a name="validate1">How to validate</a></h3>
2393 <p>The simplest way is to use the xmllint program included with libxml. The
2394 <code>--valid</code> option turns-on validation of the files given as input.
2395 For example the following validates a copy of the first revision of the XML
2396 1.0 specification:</p>
2398 <p><code>xmllint --valid --noout test/valid/REC-xml-19980210.xml</code></p>
2400 <p>the -- noout is used to disable output of the resulting tree.</p>
2402 <p>The <code>--dtdvalid dtd</code> allows validation of the document(s)
2403 against a given DTD.</p>
2405 <p>Libxml2 exports an API to handle DTDs and validation, check the <a
2406 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-valid.html">associated
2407 description</a>.</p>
2409 <h3><a name="Other1">Other resources</a></h3>
2411 <p>DTDs are as old as SGML. So there may be a number of examples on-line, I
2412 will just list one for now, others pointers welcome:</p>
2414 <li><a href="http://www.xml101.com:8081/dtd/">XML-101 DTD</a></li>
2417 <p>I suggest looking at the examples found under test/valid/dtd and any of
2418 the large number of books available on XML. The dia example in test/valid
2419 should be both simple and complete enough to allow you to build your own.</p>
2423 <h2><a name="Memory">Memory Management</a></h2>
2425 <p>Table of Content:</p>
2427 <li><a href="#General3">General overview</a></li>
2428 <li><a href="#setting">Setting libxml2 set of memory routines</a></li>
2429 <li><a href="#cleanup">Cleaning up after parsing</a></li>
2430 <li><a href="#Debugging">Debugging routines</a></li>
2431 <li><a href="#General4">General memory requirements</a></li>
2434 <h3><a name="General3">General overview</a></h3>
2436 <p>The module <code><a
2437 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-xmlmemory.html">xmlmemory.h</a></code>
2438 provides the interfaces to the libxml2 memory system:</p>
2440 <li>libxml2 does not use the libc memory allocator directly but xmlFree(),
2441 xmlMalloc() and xmlRealloc()</li>
2442 <li>those routines can be reallocated to a specific set of routine, by
2443 default the libc ones i.e. free(), malloc() and realloc()</li>
2444 <li>the xmlmemory.c module includes a set of debugging routine</li>
2447 <h3><a name="setting">Setting libxml2 set of memory routines</a></h3>
2449 <p>It is sometimes useful to not use the default memory allocator, either for
2450 debugging, analysis or to implement a specific behaviour on memory management
2451 (like on embedded systems). Two function calls are available to do so:</p>
2453 <li><a href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-xmlmemory.html">xmlMemGet
2454 ()</a> which return the current set of functions in use by the parser</li>
2456 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-xmlmemory.html">xmlMemSetup()</a>
2457 which allow to set up a new set of memory allocation functions</li>
2460 <p>Of course a call to xmlMemSetup() should probably be done before calling
2461 any other libxml2 routines (unless you are sure your allocations routines are
2464 <h3><a name="cleanup">Cleaning up after parsing</a></h3>
2466 <p>Libxml2 is not stateless, there is a few set of memory structures needing
2467 allocation before the parser is fully functional (some encoding structures
2468 for example). This also mean that once parsing is finished there is a tiny
2469 amount of memory (a few hundred bytes) which can be recollected if you don't
2470 reuse the parser immediately:</p>
2472 <li><a href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-parser.html">xmlCleanupParser
2473 ()</a> is a centralized routine to free the parsing states. Note that it
2474 won't deallocate any produced tree if any (use the xmlFreeDoc() and
2475 related routines for this).</li>
2476 <li><a href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-parser.html">xmlInitParser
2477 ()</a> is the dual routine allowing to preallocate the parsing state
2478 which can be useful for example to avoid initialization reentrancy
2479 problems when using libxml2 in multithreaded applications</li>
2482 <p>Generally xmlCleanupParser() is safe, if needed the state will be rebuild
2483 at the next invocation of parser routines, but be careful of the consequences
2484 in multithreaded applications.</p>
2486 <h3><a name="Debugging">Debugging routines</a></h3>
2488 <p>When configured using --with-mem-debug flag (off by default), libxml2 uses
2489 a set of memory allocation debugging routines keeping track of all allocated
2490 blocks and the location in the code where the routine was called. A couple of
2491 other debugging routines allow to dump the memory allocated infos to a file
2492 or call a specific routine when a given block number is allocated:</p>
2495 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-xmlmemory.html">xmlMallocLoc()</a>
2497 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-xmlmemory.html">xmlReallocLoc()</a>
2499 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-xmlmemory.html">xmlMemStrdupLoc()</a>
2500 are the memory debugging replacement allocation routines</li>
2501 <li><a href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-xmlmemory.html">xmlMemoryDump
2502 ()</a> dumps all the informations about the allocated memory block lefts
2503 in the <code>.memdump</code> file</li>
2506 <p>When developing libxml2 memory debug is enabled, the tests programs call
2507 xmlMemoryDump () and the "make test" regression tests will check for any
2508 memory leak during the full regression test sequence, this helps a lot
2509 ensuring that libxml2 does not leak memory and bullet proof memory
2510 allocations use (some libc implementations are known to be far too permissive
2511 resulting in major portability problems!).</p>
2513 <p>If the .memdump reports a leak, it displays the allocation function and
2514 also tries to give some informations about the content and structure of the
2515 allocated blocks left. This is sufficient in most cases to find the culprit,
2516 but not always. Assuming the allocation problem is reproducible, it is
2517 possible to find more easily:</p>
2519 <li>write down the block number xxxx not allocated</li>
2520 <li>export the environment variable XML_MEM_BREAKPOINT=xxxx , the easiest
2521 when using GDB is to simply give the command
2522 <p><code>set environment XML_MEM_BREAKPOINT xxxx</code></p>
2523 <p>before running the program.</p>
2525 <li>run the program under a debugger and set a breakpoint on
2526 xmlMallocBreakpoint() a specific function called when this precise block
2528 <li>when the breakpoint is reached you can then do a fine analysis of the
2529 allocation an step to see the condition resulting in the missing
2533 <p>I used to use a commercial tool to debug libxml2 memory problems but after
2534 noticing that it was not detecting memory leaks that simple mechanism was
2535 used and proved extremely efficient until now. Lately I have also used <a
2536 href="http://developer.kde.org/~sewardj/">valgrind</a> with quite some
2537 success, it is tied to the i386 architecture since it works by emulating the
2538 processor and instruction set, it is slow but extremely efficient, i.e. it
2539 spot memory usage errors in a very precise way.</p>
2541 <h3><a name="General4">General memory requirements</a></h3>
2543 <p>How much libxml2 memory require ? It's hard to tell in average it depends
2544 of a number of things:</p>
2546 <li>the parser itself should work in a fixed amount of memory, except for
2547 information maintained about the stacks of names and entities locations.
2548 The I/O and encoding handlers will probably account for a few KBytes.
2549 This is true for both the XML and HTML parser (though the HTML parser
2550 need more state).</li>
2551 <li>If you are generating the DOM tree then memory requirements will grow
2552 nearly linear with the size of the data. In general for a balanced
2553 textual document the internal memory requirement is about 4 times the
2554 size of the UTF8 serialization of this document (example the XML-1.0
2555 recommendation is a bit more of 150KBytes and takes 650KBytes of main
2556 memory when parsed). Validation will add a amount of memory required for
2557 maintaining the external Dtd state which should be linear with the
2558 complexity of the content model defined by the Dtd</li>
2559 <li>If you need to work with fixed memory requirements or don't need the
2560 full DOM tree then using the <a href="xmlreader.html">xmlReader
2561 interface</a> is probably the best way to proceed, it still allows to
2562 validate or operate on subset of the tree if needed.</li>
2563 <li>If you don't care about the advanced features of libxml2 like
2564 validation, DOM, XPath or XPointer, don't use entities, need to work with
2565 fixed memory requirements, and try to get the fastest parsing possible
2566 then the SAX interface should be used, but it has known restrictions.</li>
2571 <h2><a name="Encodings">Encodings support</a></h2>
2573 <p>Table of Content:</p>
2575 <li><a href="encoding.html#What">What does internationalization support
2577 <li><a href="encoding.html#internal">The internal encoding, how and
2579 <li><a href="encoding.html#implemente">How is it implemented ?</a></li>
2580 <li><a href="encoding.html#Default">Default supported encodings</a></li>
2581 <li><a href="encoding.html#extend">How to extend the existing
2585 <h3><a name="What">What does internationalization support mean ?</a></h3>
2587 <p>If you are not really familiar with Internationalization (usual shorcut is
2588 I18N) , Unicode, characters and glyphs, I suggest you read a <a
2589 href="http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/04/06/Unicode">presentation</a>
2590 by Tim Bray on Unicode and why you should care about it.</p>
2592 <p>XML was designed from the start to allow the support of any character set
2593 by using Unicode. Any conformant XML parser has to support the UTF-8 and
2594 UTF-16 default encodings which can both express the full unicode ranges. UTF8
2595 is a variable length encoding whose greatest points are to reuse the same
2596 encoding for ASCII and to save space for Western encodings, but it is a bit
2597 more complex to handle in practice. UTF-16 use 2 bytes per characters (and
2598 sometimes combines two pairs), it makes implementation easier, but looks a
2599 bit overkill for Western languages encoding. Moreover the XML specification
2600 allows document to be encoded in other encodings at the condition that they
2601 are clearly labeled as such. For example the following is a wellformed XML
2602 document encoded in ISO-8859 1 and using accentuated letter that we French
2603 likes for both markup and content:</p>
2604 <pre><?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
2605 <très>là</très></pre>
2607 <p>Having internationalization support in libxml2 means the following:</p>
2609 <li>the document is properly parsed</li>
2610 <li>informations about it's encoding are saved</li>
2611 <li>it can be modified</li>
2612 <li>it can be saved in its original encoding</li>
2613 <li>it can also be saved in another encoding supported by libxml2 (for
2614 example straight UTF8 or even an ASCII form)</li>
2617 <p>Another very important point is that the whole libxml2 API, with the
2618 exception of a few routines to read with a specific encoding or save to a
2619 specific encoding, is completely agnostic about the original encoding of the
2622 <p>It should be noted too that the HTML parser embedded in libxml2 now obey
2623 the same rules too, the following document will be (as of 2.2.2) handled in
2624 an internationalized fashion by libxml2 too:</p>
2625 <pre><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
2626 "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
2627 <html lang="fr">
2629 <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
2632 <p>W3C crée des standards pour le Web.</body>
2635 <h3><a name="internal">The internal encoding, how and why</a></h3>
2637 <p>One of the core decision was to force all documents to be converted to a
2638 default internal encoding, and that encoding to be UTF-8, here are the
2639 rationale for those choices:</p>
2641 <li>keeping the native encoding in the internal form would force the libxml
2642 users (or the code associated) to be fully aware of the encoding of the
2643 original document, for examples when adding a text node to a document,
2644 the content would have to be provided in the document encoding, i.e. the
2645 client code would have to check it before hand, make sure it's conformant
2646 to the encoding, etc ... Very hard in practice, though in some specific
2647 cases this may make sense.</li>
2648 <li>the second decision was which encoding. From the XML spec only UTF8 and
2649 UTF16 really makes sense as being the two only encodings for which there
2650 is mandatory support. UCS-4 (32 bits fixed size encoding) could be
2651 considered an intelligent choice too since it's a direct Unicode mapping
2652 support. I selected UTF-8 on the basis of efficiency and compatibility
2653 with surrounding software:
2655 <li>UTF-8 while a bit more complex to convert from/to (i.e. slightly
2656 more costly to import and export CPU wise) is also far more compact
2657 than UTF-16 (and UCS-4) for a majority of the documents I see it used
2658 for right now (RPM RDF catalogs, advogato data, various configuration
2659 file formats, etc.) and the key point for today's computer
2660 architecture is efficient uses of caches. If one nearly double the
2661 memory requirement to store the same amount of data, this will trash
2662 caches (main memory/external caches/internal caches) and my take is
2663 that this harms the system far more than the CPU requirements needed
2664 for the conversion to UTF-8</li>
2665 <li>Most of libxml2 version 1 users were using it with straight ASCII
2666 most of the time, doing the conversion with an internal encoding
2667 requiring all their code to be rewritten was a serious show-stopper
2668 for using UTF-16 or UCS-4.</li>
2669 <li>UTF-8 is being used as the de-facto internal encoding standard for
2670 related code like the <a href="http://www.pango.org/">pango</a>
2671 upcoming Gnome text widget, and a lot of Unix code (yep another place
2672 where Unix programmer base takes a different approach from Microsoft
2673 - they are using UTF-16)</li>
2678 <p>What does this mean in practice for the libxml2 user:</p>
2680 <li>xmlChar, the libxml2 data type is a byte, those bytes must be assembled
2681 as UTF-8 valid strings. The proper way to terminate an xmlChar * string
2682 is simply to append 0 byte, as usual.</li>
2683 <li>One just need to make sure that when using chars outside the ASCII set,
2684 the values has been properly converted to UTF-8</li>
2687 <h3><a name="implemente">How is it implemented ?</a></h3>
2689 <p>Let's describe how all this works within libxml, basically the I18N
2690 (internationalization) support get triggered only during I/O operation, i.e.
2691 when reading a document or saving one. Let's look first at the reading
2694 <li>when a document is processed, we usually don't know the encoding, a
2695 simple heuristic allows to detect UTF-16 and UCS-4 from whose where the
2696 ASCII range (0-0x7F) maps with ASCII</li>
2697 <li>the xml declaration if available is parsed, including the encoding
2698 declaration. At that point, if the autodetected encoding is different
2699 from the one declared a call to xmlSwitchEncoding() is issued.</li>
2700 <li>If there is no encoding declaration, then the input has to be in either
2701 UTF-8 or UTF-16, if it is not then at some point when processing the
2702 input, the converter/checker of UTF-8 form will raise an encoding error.
2703 You may end-up with a garbled document, or no document at all ! Example:
2704 <pre>~/XML -> ./xmllint err.xml
2705 err.xml:1: error: Input is not proper UTF-8, indicate encoding !
2706 <très>là</très>
2708 err.xml:1: error: Bytes: 0xE8 0x73 0x3E 0x6C
2709 <très>là</très>
2712 <li>xmlSwitchEncoding() does an encoding name lookup, canonicalize it, and
2713 then search the default registered encoding converters for that encoding.
2714 If it's not within the default set and iconv() support has been compiled
2715 it, it will ask iconv for such an encoder. If this fails then the parser
2716 will report an error and stops processing:
2717 <pre>~/XML -> ./xmllint err2.xml
2718 err2.xml:1: error: Unsupported encoding UnsupportedEnc
2719 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UnsupportedEnc"?>
2722 <li>From that point the encoder processes progressively the input (it is
2723 plugged as a front-end to the I/O module) for that entity. It captures
2724 and convert on-the-fly the document to be parsed to UTF-8. The parser
2725 itself just does UTF-8 checking of this input and process it
2726 transparently. The only difference is that the encoding information has
2727 been added to the parsing context (more precisely to the input
2728 corresponding to this entity).</li>
2729 <li>The result (when using DOM) is an internal form completely in UTF-8
2730 with just an encoding information on the document node.</li>
2733 <p>Ok then what happens when saving the document (assuming you
2734 collected/built an xmlDoc DOM like structure) ? It depends on the function
2735 called, xmlSaveFile() will just try to save in the original encoding, while
2736 xmlSaveFileTo() and xmlSaveFileEnc() can optionally save to a given
2739 <li>if no encoding is given, libxml2 will look for an encoding value
2740 associated to the document and if it exists will try to save to that
2742 <p>otherwise everything is written in the internal form, i.e. UTF-8</p>
2744 <li>so if an encoding was specified, either at the API level or on the
2745 document, libxml2 will again canonicalize the encoding name, lookup for a
2746 converter in the registered set or through iconv. If not found the
2747 function will return an error code</li>
2748 <li>the converter is placed before the I/O buffer layer, as another kind of
2749 buffer, then libxml2 will simply push the UTF-8 serialization to through
2750 that buffer, which will then progressively be converted and pushed onto
2752 <li>It is possible that the converter code fails on some input, for example
2753 trying to push an UTF-8 encoded Chinese character through the UTF-8 to
2754 ISO-8859-1 converter won't work. Since the encoders are progressive they
2755 will just report the error and the number of bytes converted, at that
2756 point libxml2 will decode the offending character, remove it from the
2757 buffer and replace it with the associated charRef encoding &#123; and
2758 resume the conversion. This guarantees that any document will be saved
2759 without losses (except for markup names where this is not legal, this is
2760 a problem in the current version, in practice avoid using non-ascii
2761 characters for tags or attributes names @@). A special "ascii" encoding
2762 name is used to save documents to a pure ascii form can be used when
2763 portability is really crucial</li>
2766 <p>Here is a few examples based on the same test document:</p>
2767 <pre>~/XML -> ./xmllint isolat1
2768 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
2769 <très>là</très>
2770 ~/XML -> ./xmllint --encode UTF-8 isolat1
2771 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
2772 <très>là </très>
2775 <p>The same processing is applied (and reuse most of the code) for HTML I18N
2776 processing. Looking up and modifying the content encoding is a bit more
2777 difficult since it is located in a <meta> tag under the <head>,
2778 so a couple of functions htmlGetMetaEncoding() and htmlSetMetaEncoding() have
2779 been provided. The parser also attempts to switch encoding on the fly when
2780 detecting such a tag on input. Except for that the processing is the same
2781 (and again reuses the same code).</p>
2783 <h3><a name="Default">Default supported encodings</a></h3>
2785 <p>libxml2 has a set of default converters for the following encodings
2786 (located in encoding.c):</p>
2788 <li>UTF-8 is supported by default (null handlers)</li>
2789 <li>UTF-16, both little and big endian</li>
2790 <li>ISO-Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1) covering most western languages</li>
2791 <li>ASCII, useful mostly for saving</li>
2792 <li>HTML, a specific handler for the conversion of UTF-8 to ASCII with HTML
2793 predefined entities like &copy; for the Copyright sign.</li>
2796 <p>More over when compiled on an Unix platform with iconv support the full
2797 set of encodings supported by iconv can be instantly be used by libxml. On a
2798 linux machine with glibc-2.1 the list of supported encodings and aliases fill
2799 3 full pages, and include UCS-4, the full set of ISO-Latin encodings, and the
2800 various Japanese ones.</p>
2802 <h4>Encoding aliases</h4>
2804 <p>From 2.2.3, libxml2 has support to register encoding names aliases. The
2805 goal is to be able to parse document whose encoding is supported but where
2806 the name differs (for example from the default set of names accepted by
2807 iconv). The following functions allow to register and handle new aliases for
2808 existing encodings. Once registered libxml2 will automatically lookup the
2809 aliases when handling a document:</p>
2811 <li>int xmlAddEncodingAlias(const char *name, const char *alias);</li>
2812 <li>int xmlDelEncodingAlias(const char *alias);</li>
2813 <li>const char * xmlGetEncodingAlias(const char *alias);</li>
2814 <li>void xmlCleanupEncodingAliases(void);</li>
2817 <h3><a name="extend">How to extend the existing support</a></h3>
2819 <p>Well adding support for new encoding, or overriding one of the encoders
2820 (assuming it is buggy) should not be hard, just write an input and output
2821 conversion routines to/from UTF-8, and register them using
2822 xmlNewCharEncodingHandler(name, xxxToUTF8, UTF8Toxxx), and they will be
2823 called automatically if the parser(s) encounter such an encoding name
2824 (register it uppercase, this will help). The description of the encoders,
2825 their arguments and expected return values are described in the encoding.h
2828 <p>A quick note on the topic of subverting the parser to use a different
2829 internal encoding than UTF-8, in some case people will absolutely want to
2830 keep the internal encoding different, I think it's still possible (but the
2831 encoding must be compliant with ASCII on the same subrange) though I didn't
2832 tried it. The key is to override the default conversion routines (by
2833 registering null encoders/decoders for your charsets), and bypass the UTF-8
2834 checking of the parser by setting the parser context charset
2835 (ctxt->charset) to something different than XML_CHAR_ENCODING_UTF8, but
2836 there is no guarantee that this will work. You may also have some troubles
2839 <p>Basically proper I18N support is important, this requires at least
2840 libxml-2.0.0, but a lot of features and corrections are really available only
2843 <h2><a name="IO">I/O Interfaces</a></h2>
2845 <p>Table of Content:</p>
2847 <li><a href="#General1">General overview</a></li>
2848 <li><a href="#basic">The basic buffer type</a></li>
2849 <li><a href="#Input">Input I/O handlers</a></li>
2850 <li><a href="#Output">Output I/O handlers</a></li>
2851 <li><a href="#entities">The entities loader</a></li>
2852 <li><a href="#Example2">Example of customized I/O</a></li>
2855 <h3><a name="General1">General overview</a></h3>
2857 <p>The module <code><a
2858 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-xmlio.html">xmlIO.h</a></code> provides
2859 the interfaces to the libxml2 I/O system. This consists of 4 main parts:</p>
2861 <li>Entities loader, this is a routine which tries to fetch the entities
2862 (files) based on their PUBLIC and SYSTEM identifiers. The default loader
2863 don't look at the public identifier since libxml2 do not maintain a
2864 catalog. You can redefine you own entity loader by using
2865 <code>xmlGetExternalEntityLoader()</code> and
2866 <code>xmlSetExternalEntityLoader()</code>. <a href="#entities">Check the
2868 <li>Input I/O buffers which are a commodity structure used by the parser(s)
2869 input layer to handle fetching the informations to feed the parser. This
2870 provides buffering and is also a placeholder where the encoding
2871 converters to UTF8 are piggy-backed.</li>
2872 <li>Output I/O buffers are similar to the Input ones and fulfill similar
2873 task but when generating a serialization from a tree.</li>
2874 <li>A mechanism to register sets of I/O callbacks and associate them with
2875 specific naming schemes like the protocol part of the URIs.
2876 <p>This affect the default I/O operations and allows to use specific I/O
2877 handlers for certain names.</p>
2881 <p>The general mechanism used when loading http://rpmfind.net/xml.html for
2882 example in the HTML parser is the following:</p>
2884 <li>The default entity loader calls <code>xmlNewInputFromFile()</code> with
2885 the parsing context and the URI string.</li>
2886 <li>the URI string is checked against the existing registered handlers
2887 using their match() callback function, if the HTTP module was compiled
2888 in, it is registered and its match() function will succeeds</li>
2889 <li>the open() function of the handler is called and if successful will
2890 return an I/O Input buffer</li>
2891 <li>the parser will the start reading from this buffer and progressively
2892 fetch information from the resource, calling the read() function of the
2893 handler until the resource is exhausted</li>
2894 <li>if an encoding change is detected it will be installed on the input
2895 buffer, providing buffering and efficient use of the conversion
2897 <li>once the parser has finished, the close() function of the handler is
2898 called once and the Input buffer and associated resources are
2902 <p>The user defined callbacks are checked first to allow overriding of the
2903 default libxml2 I/O routines.</p>
2905 <h3><a name="basic">The basic buffer type</a></h3>
2907 <p>All the buffer manipulation handling is done using the
2908 <code>xmlBuffer</code> type define in <code><a
2909 href="http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-tree.html">tree.h</a> </code>which is a
2910 resizable memory buffer. The buffer allocation strategy can be selected to be
2911 either best-fit or use an exponential doubling one (CPU vs. memory use
2912 trade-off). The values are <code>XML_BUFFER_ALLOC_EXACT</code> and
2913 <code>XML_BUFFER_ALLOC_DOUBLEIT</code>, and can be set individually or on a
2914 system wide basis using <code>xmlBufferSetAllocationScheme()</code>. A number
2915 of functions allows to manipulate buffers with names starting with the
2916 <code>xmlBuffer...</code> prefix.</p>
2918 <h3><a name="Input">Input I/O handlers</a></h3>
2920 <p>An Input I/O handler is a simple structure
2921 <code>xmlParserInputBuffer</code> containing a context associated to the
2922 resource (file descriptor, or pointer to a protocol handler), the read() and
2923 close() callbacks to use and an xmlBuffer. And extra xmlBuffer and a charset
2924 encoding handler are also present to support charset conversion when
2927 <h3><a name="Output">Output I/O handlers</a></h3>
2929 <p>An Output handler <code>xmlOutputBuffer</code> is completely similar to an
2930 Input one except the callbacks are write() and close().</p>
2932 <h3><a name="entities">The entities loader</a></h3>
2934 <p>The entity loader resolves requests for new entities and create inputs for
2935 the parser. Creating an input from a filename or an URI string is done
2936 through the xmlNewInputFromFile() routine. The default entity loader do not
2937 handle the PUBLIC identifier associated with an entity (if any). So it just
2938 calls xmlNewInputFromFile() with the SYSTEM identifier (which is mandatory in
2941 <p>If you want to hook up a catalog mechanism then you simply need to
2942 override the default entity loader, here is an example:</p>
2943 <pre>#include <libxml/xmlIO.h>
2945 xmlExternalEntityLoader defaultLoader = NULL;
2948 xmlMyExternalEntityLoader(const char *URL, const char *ID,
2949 xmlParserCtxtPtr ctxt) {
2950 xmlParserInputPtr ret;
2951 const char *fileID = NULL;
2952 /* lookup for the fileID depending on ID */
2954 ret = xmlNewInputFromFile(ctxt, fileID);
2957 if (defaultLoader != NULL)
2958 ret = defaultLoader(URL, ID, ctxt);
2966 * Install our own entity loader
2968 defaultLoader = xmlGetExternalEntityLoader();
2969 xmlSetExternalEntityLoader(xmlMyExternalEntityLoader);
2974 <h3><a name="Example2">Example of customized I/O</a></h3>
2976 <p>This example come from <a href="http://xmlsoft.org/messages/0708.html">a
2977 real use case</a>, xmlDocDump() closes the FILE * passed by the application
2978 and this was a problem. The <a
2979 href="http://xmlsoft.org/messages/0711.html">solution</a> was to redefine a
2980 new output handler with the closing call deactivated:</p>
2982 <li>First define a new I/O output allocator where the output don't close
2984 <pre>xmlOutputBufferPtr
2985 xmlOutputBufferCreateOwn(FILE *file, xmlCharEncodingHandlerPtr encoder) {
2986 xmlOutputBufferPtr ret;
2988 if (xmlOutputCallbackInitialized == 0)
2989 xmlRegisterDefaultOutputCallbacks();
2991 if (file == NULL) return(NULL);
2992 ret = xmlAllocOutputBuffer(encoder);
2994 ret->context = file;
2995 ret->writecallback = xmlFileWrite;
2996 ret->closecallback = NULL; /* No close callback */
3001 <li>And then use it to save the document:
3003 xmlOutputBufferPtr output;
3010 output = xmlOutputBufferCreateOwn(f, NULL);
3011 res = xmlSaveFileTo(output, doc, NULL);
3016 <h2><a name="Catalog">Catalog support</a></h2>
3018 <p>Table of Content:</p>
3020 <li><a href="General2">General overview</a></li>
3021 <li><a href="#definition">The definition</a></li>
3022 <li><a href="#Simple">Using catalogs</a></li>
3023 <li><a href="#Some">Some examples</a></li>
3024 <li><a href="#reference">How to tune catalog usage</a></li>
3025 <li><a href="#validate">How to debug catalog processing</a></li>
3026 <li><a href="#Declaring">How to create and maintain catalogs</a></li>
3027 <li><a href="#implemento">The implementor corner quick review of the
3029 <li><a href="#Other">Other resources</a></li>
3032 <h3><a name="General2">General overview</a></h3>
3034 <p>What is a catalog? Basically it's a lookup mechanism used when an entity
3035 (a file or a remote resource) references another entity. The catalog lookup
3036 is inserted between the moment the reference is recognized by the software
3037 (XML parser, stylesheet processing, or even images referenced for inclusion
3038 in a rendering) and the time where loading that resource is actually
3041 <p>It is basically used for 3 things:</p>
3043 <li>mapping from "logical" names, the public identifiers and a more
3044 concrete name usable for download (and URI). For example it can associate
3046 <p>"-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"</p>
3047 <p>of the DocBook 4.1.2 XML DTD with the actual URL where it can be
3049 <p>http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd</p>
3051 <li>remapping from a given URL to another one, like an HTTP indirection
3053 <p>"http://www.oasis-open.org/committes/tr.xsl"</p>
3054 <p>should really be looked at</p>
3055 <p>"http://www.oasis-open.org/committes/entity/stylesheets/base/tr.xsl"</p>
3057 <li>providing a local cache mechanism allowing to load the entities
3058 associated to public identifiers or remote resources, this is a really
3059 important feature for any significant deployment of XML or SGML since it
3060 allows to avoid the aleas and delays associated to fetching remote
3064 <h3><a name="definition">The definitions</a></h3>
3066 <p>Libxml, as of 2.4.3 implements 2 kind of catalogs:</p>
3068 <li>the older SGML catalogs, the official spec is SGML Open Technical
3069 Resolution TR9401:1997, but is better understood by reading <a
3070 href="http://www.jclark.com/sp/catalog.htm">the SP Catalog page</a> from
3071 James Clark. This is relatively old and not the preferred mode of
3072 operation of libxml.</li>
3073 <li><a href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/spec.html">XML
3074 Catalogs</a> is far more flexible, more recent, uses an XML syntax and
3075 should scale quite better. This is the default option of libxml.</li>
3080 <h3><a name="Simple">Using catalog</a></h3>
3082 <p>In a normal environment libxml2 will by default check the presence of a
3083 catalog in /etc/xml/catalog, and assuming it has been correctly populated,
3084 the processing is completely transparent to the document user. To take a
3085 concrete example, suppose you are authoring a DocBook document, this one
3086 starts with the following DOCTYPE definition:</p>
3087 <pre><?xml version='1.0'?>
3088 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//Norman Walsh//DTD DocBk XML V3.1.4//EN"
3089 "http://nwalsh.com/docbook/xml/3.1.4/db3xml.dtd"></pre>
3091 <p>When validating the document with libxml, the catalog will be
3092 automatically consulted to lookup the public identifier "-//Norman Walsh//DTD
3093 DocBk XML V3.1.4//EN" and the system identifier
3094 "http://nwalsh.com/docbook/xml/3.1.4/db3xml.dtd", and if these entities have
3095 been installed on your system and the catalogs actually point to them, libxml
3096 will fetch them from the local disk.</p>
3098 <p style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>Note</strong>: Really don't use this
3099 DOCTYPE example it's a really old version, but is fine as an example.</p>
3101 <p>Libxml2 will check the catalog each time that it is requested to load an
3102 entity, this includes DTD, external parsed entities, stylesheets, etc ... If
3103 your system is correctly configured all the authoring phase and processing
3104 should use only local files, even if your document stays portable because it
3105 uses the canonical public and system ID, referencing the remote document.</p>
3107 <h3><a name="Some">Some examples:</a></h3>
3109 <p>Here is a couple of fragments from XML Catalogs used in libxml2 early
3110 regression tests in <code>test/catalogs</code> :</p>
3111 <pre><?xml version="1.0"?>
3112 <!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC
3113 "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN"
3114 "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
3115 <catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog">
3116 <public publicId="-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
3117 uri="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd"/>
3120 <p>This is the beginning of a catalog for DocBook 4.1.2, XML Catalogs are
3121 written in XML, there is a specific namespace for catalog elements
3122 "urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog". The first entry in this
3123 catalog is a <code>public</code> mapping it allows to associate a Public
3124 Identifier with an URI.</p>
3126 <rewriteSystem systemIdStartString="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/"
3127 rewritePrefix="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook/"/>
3130 <p>A <code>rewriteSystem</code> is a very powerful instruction, it says that
3131 any URI starting with a given prefix should be looked at another URI
3132 constructed by replacing the prefix with an new one. In effect this acts like
3133 a cache system for a full area of the Web. In practice it is extremely useful
3134 with a file prefix if you have installed a copy of those resources on your
3137 <delegatePublic publicIdStartString="-//OASIS//DTD XML Catalog //"
3138 catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
3139 <delegatePublic publicIdStartString="-//OASIS//ENTITIES DocBook XML"
3140 catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
3141 <delegatePublic publicIdStartString="-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML"
3142 catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
3143 <delegateSystem systemIdStartString="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/"
3144 catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
3145 <delegateURI uriStartString="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/"
3146 catalog="file:///usr/share/xml/docbook.xml"/>
3149 <p>Delegation is the core features which allows to build a tree of catalogs,
3150 easier to maintain than a single catalog, based on Public Identifier, System
3151 Identifier or URI prefixes it instructs the catalog software to look up
3152 entries in another resource. This feature allow to build hierarchies of
3153 catalogs, the set of entries presented should be sufficient to redirect the
3154 resolution of all DocBook references to the specific catalog in
3155 <code>/usr/share/xml/docbook.xml</code> this one in turn could delegate all
3156 references for DocBook 4.2.1 to a specific catalog installed at the same time
3157 as the DocBook resources on the local machine.</p>
3159 <h3><a name="reference">How to tune catalog usage:</a></h3>
3161 <p>The user can change the default catalog behaviour by redirecting queries
3162 to its own set of catalogs, this can be done by setting the
3163 <code>XML_CATALOG_FILES</code> environment variable to a list of catalogs, an
3164 empty one should deactivate loading the default <code>/etc/xml/catalog</code>
3167 <h3><a name="validate">How to debug catalog processing:</a></h3>
3169 <p>Setting up the <code>XML_DEBUG_CATALOG</code> environment variable will
3170 make libxml2 output debugging informations for each catalog operations, for
3172 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> xmllint --memory --noout test/ent2
3173 warning: failed to load external entity "title.xml"
3174 orchis:~/XML -> export XML_DEBUG_CATALOG=
3175 orchis:~/XML -> xmllint --memory --noout test/ent2
3176 Failed to parse catalog /etc/xml/catalog
3177 Failed to parse catalog /etc/xml/catalog
3178 warning: failed to load external entity "title.xml"
3180 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
3182 <p>The test/ent2 references an entity, running the parser from memory makes
3183 the base URI unavailable and the the "title.xml" entity cannot be loaded.
3184 Setting up the debug environment variable allows to detect that an attempt is
3185 made to load the <code>/etc/xml/catalog</code> but since it's not present the
3186 resolution fails.</p>
3188 <p>But the most advanced way to debug XML catalog processing is to use the
3189 <strong>xmlcatalog</strong> command shipped with libxml2, it allows to load
3190 catalogs and make resolution queries to see what is going on. This is also
3191 used for the regression tests:</p>
3192 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog test/catalogs/docbook.xml \
3193 "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
3194 http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd
3195 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
3197 <p>For debugging what is going on, adding one -v flags increase the verbosity
3198 level to indicate the processing done (adding a second flag also indicate
3199 what elements are recognized at parsing):</p>
3200 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog -v test/catalogs/docbook.xml \
3201 "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
3202 Parsing catalog test/catalogs/docbook.xml's content
3203 Found public match -//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN
3204 http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd
3206 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
3208 <p>A shell interface is also available to debug and process multiple queries
3209 (and for regression tests):</p>
3210 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog -shell test/catalogs/docbook.xml \
3211 "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
3214 public PublicID: make a PUBLIC identifier lookup
3215 system SystemID: make a SYSTEM identifier lookup
3216 resolve PublicID SystemID: do a full resolver lookup
3217 add 'type' 'orig' 'replace' : add an entry
3218 del 'values' : remove values
3219 dump: print the current catalog state
3220 debug: increase the verbosity level
3221 quiet: decrease the verbosity level
3222 exit: quit the shell
3223 > public "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
3224 http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd
3226 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
3228 <p>This should be sufficient for most debugging purpose, this was actually
3229 used heavily to debug the XML Catalog implementation itself.</p>
3231 <h3><a name="Declaring">How to create and maintain</a> catalogs:</h3>
3233 <p>Basically XML Catalogs are XML files, you can either use XML tools to
3234 manage them or use <strong>xmlcatalog</strong> for this. The basic step is
3235 to create a catalog the -create option provide this facility:</p>
3236 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog --create tst.xml
3237 <?xml version="1.0"?>
3238 <!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN"
3239 "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
3240 <catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog"/>
3241 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
3243 <p>By default xmlcatalog does not overwrite the original catalog and save the
3244 result on the standard output, this can be overridden using the -noout
3245 option. The <code>-add</code> command allows to add entries in the
3247 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog --noout --create --add "public" \
3248 "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN" \
3249 http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd tst.xml
3250 orchis:~/XML -> cat tst.xml
3251 <?xml version="1.0"?>
3252 <!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN" \
3253 "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
3254 <catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog">
3255 <public publicId="-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
3256 uri="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd"/>
3258 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
3260 <p>The <code>-add</code> option will always take 3 parameters even if some of
3261 the XML Catalog constructs (like nextCatalog) will have only a single
3262 argument, just pass a third empty string, it will be ignored.</p>
3264 <p>Similarly the <code>-del</code> option remove matching entries from the
3266 <pre>orchis:~/XML -> ./xmlcatalog --del \
3267 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" tst.xml
3268 <?xml version="1.0"?>
3269 <!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN"
3270 "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
3271 <catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog"/>
3272 orchis:~/XML -> </pre>
3274 <p>The catalog is now empty. Note that the matching of <code>-del</code> is
3275 exact and would have worked in a similar fashion with the Public ID
3278 <p>This is rudimentary but should be sufficient to manage a not too complex
3279 catalog tree of resources.</p>
3281 <h3><a name="implemento">The implementor corner quick review of the
3284 <p>First, and like for every other module of libxml, there is an
3285 automatically generated <a href="html/libxml-catalog.html">API page for
3286 catalog support</a>.</p>
3288 <p>The header for the catalog interfaces should be included as:</p>
3289 <pre>#include <libxml/catalog.h></pre>
3291 <p>The API is voluntarily kept very simple. First it is not obvious that
3292 applications really need access to it since it is the default behaviour of
3293 libxml2 (Note: it is possible to completely override libxml2 default catalog
3294 by using <a href="html/libxml-parser.html">xmlSetExternalEntityLoader</a> to
3295 plug an application specific resolver).</p>
3297 <p>Basically libxml2 support 2 catalog lists:</p>
3299 <li>the default one, global shared by all the application</li>
3300 <li>a per-document catalog, this one is built if the document uses the
3301 <code>oasis-xml-catalog</code> PIs to specify its own catalog list, it is
3302 associated to the parser context and destroyed when the parsing context
3306 <p>the document one will be used first if it exists.</p>
3308 <h4>Initialization routines:</h4>
3310 <p>xmlInitializeCatalog(), xmlLoadCatalog() and xmlLoadCatalogs() should be
3311 used at startup to initialize the catalog, if the catalog should be
3312 initialized with specific values xmlLoadCatalog() or xmlLoadCatalogs()
3313 should be called before xmlInitializeCatalog() which would otherwise do a
3314 default initialization first.</p>
3316 <p>The xmlCatalogAddLocal() call is used by the parser to grow the document
3317 own catalog list if needed.</p>
3319 <h4>Preferences setup:</h4>
3321 <p>The XML Catalog spec requires the possibility to select default
3322 preferences between public and system delegation,
3323 xmlCatalogSetDefaultPrefer() allows this, xmlCatalogSetDefaults() and
3324 xmlCatalogGetDefaults() allow to control if XML Catalogs resolution should
3325 be forbidden, allowed for global catalog, for document catalog or both, the
3326 default is to allow both.</p>
3328 <p>And of course xmlCatalogSetDebug() allows to generate debug messages
3329 (through the xmlGenericError() mechanism).</p>
3331 <h4>Querying routines:</h4>
3333 <p>xmlCatalogResolve(), xmlCatalogResolveSystem(), xmlCatalogResolvePublic()
3334 and xmlCatalogResolveURI() are relatively explicit if you read the XML
3335 Catalog specification they correspond to section 7 algorithms, they should
3336 also work if you have loaded an SGML catalog with a simplified semantic.</p>
3338 <p>xmlCatalogLocalResolve() and xmlCatalogLocalResolveURI() are the same but
3339 operate on the document catalog list</p>
3341 <h4>Cleanup and Miscellaneous:</h4>
3343 <p>xmlCatalogCleanup() free-up the global catalog, xmlCatalogFreeLocal() is
3344 the per-document equivalent.</p>
3346 <p>xmlCatalogAdd() and xmlCatalogRemove() are used to dynamically modify the
3347 first catalog in the global list, and xmlCatalogDump() allows to dump a
3348 catalog state, those routines are primarily designed for xmlcatalog, I'm not
3349 sure that exposing more complex interfaces (like navigation ones) would be
3352 <p>The xmlParseCatalogFile() is a function used to load XML Catalog files,
3353 it's similar as xmlParseFile() except it bypass all catalog lookups, it's
3354 provided because this functionality may be useful for client tools.</p>
3356 <h4>threaded environments:</h4>
3358 <p>Since the catalog tree is built progressively, some care has been taken to
3359 try to avoid troubles in multithreaded environments. The code is now thread
3360 safe assuming that the libxml2 library has been compiled with threads
3365 <h3><a name="Other">Other resources</a></h3>
3367 <p>The XML Catalog specification is relatively recent so there isn't much
3368 literature to point at:</p>
3370 <li>You can find a good rant from Norm Walsh about <a
3371 href="http://www.arbortext.com/Think_Tank/XML_Resources/Issue_Three/issue_three.html">the
3372 need for catalogs</a>, it provides a lot of context informations even if
3373 I don't agree with everything presented. Norm also wrote a more recent
3375 href="http://wwws.sun.com/software/xml/developers/resolver/article/">XML
3376 entities and URI resolvers</a> describing them.</li>
3377 <li>An <a href="http://home.ccil.org/~cowan/XML/XCatalog.html">old XML
3378 catalog proposal</a> from John Cowan</li>
3379 <li>The <a href="http://www.rddl.org/">Resource Directory Description
3380 Language</a> (RDDL) another catalog system but more oriented toward
3381 providing metadata for XML namespaces.</li>
3382 <li>the page from the OASIS Technical <a
3383 href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/">Committee on Entity
3384 Resolution</a> who maintains XML Catalog, you will find pointers to the
3385 specification update, some background and pointers to others tools
3386 providing XML Catalog support</li>
3387 <li>Here is a <a href="buildDocBookCatalog">shell script</a> to generate
3388 XML Catalogs for DocBook 4.1.2 . If it can write to the /etc/xml/
3389 directory, it will set-up /etc/xml/catalog and /etc/xml/docbook based on
3390 the resources found on the system. Otherwise it will just create
3391 ~/xmlcatalog and ~/dbkxmlcatalog and doing:
3392 <p><code>export XML_CATALOG_FILES=$HOME/xmlcatalog</code></p>
3393 <p>should allow to process DocBook documentations without requiring
3394 network accesses for the DTD or stylesheets</p>
3396 <li>I have uploaded <a href="ftp://xmlsoft.org/test/dbk412catalog.tar.gz">a
3397 small tarball</a> containing XML Catalogs for DocBook 4.1.2 which seems
3398 to work fine for me too</li>
3399 <li>The <a href="http://www.xmlsoft.org/xmlcatalog_man.html">xmlcatalog
3400 manual page</a></li>
3403 <p>If you have suggestions for corrections or additions, simply contact
3406 <h2><a name="library">The parser interfaces</a></h2>
3408 <p>This section is directly intended to help programmers getting bootstrapped
3409 using the XML tollkit from the C language. It is not intended to be
3410 extensive. I hope the automatically generated documents will provide the
3411 completeness required, but as a separate set of documents. The interfaces of
3412 the XML parser are by principle low level, Those interested in a higher level
3413 API should <a href="#DOM">look at DOM</a>.</p>
3415 <p>The <a href="html/libxml-parser.html">parser interfaces for XML</a> are
3416 separated from the <a href="html/libxml-htmlparser.html">HTML parser
3417 interfaces</a>. Let's have a look at how the XML parser can be called:</p>
3419 <h3><a name="Invoking">Invoking the parser : the pull method</a></h3>
3421 <p>Usually, the first thing to do is to read an XML input. The parser accepts
3422 documents either from in-memory strings or from files. The functions are
3423 defined in "parser.h":</p>
3425 <dt><code>xmlDocPtr xmlParseMemory(char *buffer, int size);</code></dt>
3426 <dd><p>Parse a null-terminated string containing the document.</p>
3430 <dt><code>xmlDocPtr xmlParseFile(const char *filename);</code></dt>
3431 <dd><p>Parse an XML document contained in a (possibly compressed)
3436 <p>The parser returns a pointer to the document structure (or NULL in case of
3439 <h3 id="Invoking1">Invoking the parser: the push method</h3>
3441 <p>In order for the application to keep the control when the document is
3442 being fetched (which is common for GUI based programs) libxml2 provides a
3443 push interface, too, as of version 1.8.3. Here are the interface
3445 <pre>xmlParserCtxtPtr xmlCreatePushParserCtxt(xmlSAXHandlerPtr sax,
3449 const char *filename);
3450 int xmlParseChunk (xmlParserCtxtPtr ctxt,
3453 int terminate);</pre>
3455 <p>and here is a simple example showing how to use the interface:</p>
3458 f = fopen(filename, "r");
3460 int res, size = 1024;
3462 xmlParserCtxtPtr ctxt;
3464 res = fread(chars, 1, 4, f);
3466 ctxt = xmlCreatePushParserCtxt(NULL, NULL,
3467 chars, res, filename);
3468 while ((res = fread(chars, 1, size, f)) > 0) {
3469 xmlParseChunk(ctxt, chars, res, 0);
3471 xmlParseChunk(ctxt, chars, 0, 1);
3472 doc = ctxt->myDoc;
3473 xmlFreeParserCtxt(ctxt);
3477 <p>The HTML parser embedded into libxml2 also has a push interface; the
3478 functions are just prefixed by "html" rather than "xml".</p>
3480 <h3 id="Invoking2">Invoking the parser: the SAX interface</h3>
3482 <p>The tree-building interface makes the parser memory-hungry, first loading
3483 the document in memory and then building the tree itself. Reading a document
3484 without building the tree is possible using the SAX interfaces (see SAX.h and
3485 <a href="http://www.daa.com.au/~james/gnome/xml-sax/xml-sax.html">James
3486 Henstridge's documentation</a>). Note also that the push interface can be
3487 limited to SAX: just use the two first arguments of
3488 <code>xmlCreatePushParserCtxt()</code>.</p>
3490 <h3><a name="Building">Building a tree from scratch</a></h3>
3492 <p>The other way to get an XML tree in memory is by building it. Basically
3493 there is a set of functions dedicated to building new elements. (These are
3494 also described in <libxml/tree.h>.) For example, here is a piece of
3495 code that produces the XML document used in the previous examples:</p>
3496 <pre> #include <libxml/tree.h>
3498 xmlNodePtr tree, subtree;
3500 doc = xmlNewDoc("1.0");
3501 doc->children = xmlNewDocNode(doc, NULL, "EXAMPLE", NULL);
3502 xmlSetProp(doc->children, "prop1", "gnome is great");
3503 xmlSetProp(doc->children, "prop2", "& linux too");
3504 tree = xmlNewChild(doc->children, NULL, "head", NULL);
3505 subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "title", "Welcome to Gnome");
3506 tree = xmlNewChild(doc->children, NULL, "chapter", NULL);
3507 subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "title", "The Linux adventure");
3508 subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "p", "bla bla bla ...");
3509 subtree = xmlNewChild(tree, NULL, "image", NULL);
3510 xmlSetProp(subtree, "href", "linus.gif");</pre>
3512 <p>Not really rocket science ...</p>
3514 <h3><a name="Traversing">Traversing the tree</a></h3>
3516 <p>Basically by <a href="html/libxml-tree.html">including "tree.h"</a> your
3517 code has access to the internal structure of all the elements of the tree.
3518 The names should be somewhat simple like <strong>parent</strong>,
3519 <strong>children</strong>, <strong>next</strong>, <strong>prev</strong>,
3520 <strong>properties</strong>, etc... For example, still with the previous
3522 <pre><code>doc->children->children->children</code></pre>
3524 <p>points to the title element,</p>
3525 <pre>doc->children->children->next->children->children</pre>
3527 <p>points to the text node containing the chapter title "The Linux
3530 <p><strong>NOTE</strong>: XML allows <em>PI</em>s and <em>comments</em> to be
3531 present before the document root, so <code>doc->children</code> may point
3532 to an element which is not the document Root Element; a function
3533 <code>xmlDocGetRootElement()</code> was added for this purpose.</p>
3535 <h3><a name="Modifying">Modifying the tree</a></h3>
3537 <p>Functions are provided for reading and writing the document content. Here
3538 is an excerpt from the <a href="html/libxml-tree.html">tree API</a>:</p>
3540 <dt><code>xmlAttrPtr xmlSetProp(xmlNodePtr node, const xmlChar *name, const
3541 xmlChar *value);</code></dt>
3542 <dd><p>This sets (or changes) an attribute carried by an ELEMENT node.
3543 The value can be NULL.</p>
3547 <dt><code>const xmlChar *xmlGetProp(xmlNodePtr node, const xmlChar
3549 <dd><p>This function returns a pointer to new copy of the property
3550 content. Note that the user must deallocate the result.</p>
3554 <p>Two functions are provided for reading and writing the text associated
3557 <dt><code>xmlNodePtr xmlStringGetNodeList(xmlDocPtr doc, const xmlChar
3558 *value);</code></dt>
3559 <dd><p>This function takes an "external" string and converts it to one
3560 text node or possibly to a list of entity and text nodes. All
3561 non-predefined entity references like &Gnome; will be stored
3562 internally as entity nodes, hence the result of the function may not be
3567 <dt><code>xmlChar *xmlNodeListGetString(xmlDocPtr doc, xmlNodePtr list, int
3568 inLine);</code></dt>
3569 <dd><p>This function is the inverse of
3570 <code>xmlStringGetNodeList()</code>. It generates a new string
3571 containing the content of the text and entity nodes. Note the extra
3572 argument inLine. If this argument is set to 1, the function will expand
3573 entity references. For example, instead of returning the &Gnome;
3574 XML encoding in the string, it will substitute it with its value (say,
3575 "GNU Network Object Model Environment").</p>
3579 <h3><a name="Saving">Saving a tree</a></h3>
3581 <p>Basically 3 options are possible:</p>
3583 <dt><code>void xmlDocDumpMemory(xmlDocPtr cur, xmlChar**mem, int
3585 <dd><p>Returns a buffer into which the document has been saved.</p>
3589 <dt><code>extern void xmlDocDump(FILE *f, xmlDocPtr doc);</code></dt>
3590 <dd><p>Dumps a document to an open file descriptor.</p>
3594 <dt><code>int xmlSaveFile(const char *filename, xmlDocPtr cur);</code></dt>
3595 <dd><p>Saves the document to a file. In this case, the compression
3596 interface is triggered if it has been turned on.</p>
3600 <h3><a name="Compressio">Compression</a></h3>
3602 <p>The library transparently handles compression when doing file-based
3603 accesses. The level of compression on saves can be turned on either globally
3604 or individually for one file:</p>
3606 <dt><code>int xmlGetDocCompressMode (xmlDocPtr doc);</code></dt>
3607 <dd><p>Gets the document compression ratio (0-9).</p>
3611 <dt><code>void xmlSetDocCompressMode (xmlDocPtr doc, int mode);</code></dt>
3612 <dd><p>Sets the document compression ratio.</p>
3616 <dt><code>int xmlGetCompressMode(void);</code></dt>
3617 <dd><p>Gets the default compression ratio.</p>
3621 <dt><code>void xmlSetCompressMode(int mode);</code></dt>
3622 <dd><p>Sets the default compression ratio.</p>
3626 <h2><a name="Entities">Entities or no entities</a></h2>
3628 <p>Entities in principle are similar to simple C macros. An entity defines an
3629 abbreviation for a given string that you can reuse many times throughout the
3630 content of your document. Entities are especially useful when a given string
3631 may occur frequently within a document, or to confine the change needed to a
3632 document to a restricted area in the internal subset of the document (at the
3633 beginning). Example:</p>
3634 <pre>1 <?xml version="1.0"?>
3635 2 <!DOCTYPE EXAMPLE SYSTEM "example.dtd" [
3636 3 <!ENTITY xml "Extensible Markup Language">
3640 7 </EXAMPLE></pre>
3642 <p>Line 3 declares the xml entity. Line 6 uses the xml entity, by prefixing
3643 its name with '&' and following it by ';' without any spaces added. There
3644 are 5 predefined entities in libxml2 allowing you to escape characters with
3645 predefined meaning in some parts of the xml document content:
3646 <strong>&lt;</strong> for the character '<', <strong>&gt;</strong>
3647 for the character '>', <strong>&apos;</strong> for the character ''',
3648 <strong>&quot;</strong> for the character '"', and
3649 <strong>&amp;</strong> for the character '&'.</p>
3651 <p>One of the problems related to entities is that you may want the parser to
3652 substitute an entity's content so that you can see the replacement text in
3653 your application. Or you may prefer to keep entity references as such in the
3654 content to be able to save the document back without losing this usually
3655 precious information (if the user went through the pain of explicitly
3656 defining entities, he may have a a rather negative attitude if you blindly
3657 substitute them as saving time). The <a
3658 href="html/libxml-parser.html#xmlSubstituteEntitiesDefault">xmlSubstituteEntitiesDefault()</a>
3659 function allows you to check and change the behaviour, which is to not
3660 substitute entities by default.</p>
3662 <p>Here is the DOM tree built by libxml2 for the previous document in the
3664 <pre>/gnome/src/gnome-xml -> ./xmllint --debug test/ent1
3671 INTERNAL_GENERAL_ENTITY xml
3672 content=Extensible Markup Language
3676 <p>And here is the result when substituting entities:</p>
3677 <pre>/gnome/src/gnome-xml -> ./tester --debug --noent test/ent1
3682 content= Extensible Markup Language</pre>
3684 <p>So, entities or no entities? Basically, it depends on your use case. I
3685 suggest that you keep the non-substituting default behaviour and avoid using
3686 entities in your XML document or data if you are not willing to handle the
3687 entity references elements in the DOM tree.</p>
3689 <p>Note that at save time libxml2 enforces the conversion of the predefined
3690 entities where necessary to prevent well-formedness problems, and will also
3691 transparently replace those with chars (i.e. it will not generate entity
3692 reference elements in the DOM tree or call the reference() SAX callback when
3693 finding them in the input).</p>
3695 <p><span style="background-color: #FF0000">WARNING</span>: handling entities
3696 on top of the libxml2 SAX interface is difficult!!! If you plan to use
3697 non-predefined entities in your documents, then the learning curve to handle
3698 then using the SAX API may be long. If you plan to use complex documents, I
3699 strongly suggest you consider using the DOM interface instead and let libxml
3700 deal with the complexity rather than trying to do it yourself.</p>
3702 <h2><a name="Namespaces">Namespaces</a></h2>
3704 <p>The libxml2 library implements <a
3705 href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/">XML namespaces</a> support by
3706 recognizing namespace constructs in the input, and does namespace lookup
3707 automatically when building the DOM tree. A namespace declaration is
3708 associated with an in-memory structure and all elements or attributes within
3709 that namespace point to it. Hence testing the namespace is a simple and fast
3710 equality operation at the user level.</p>
3712 <p>I suggest that people using libxml2 use a namespace, and declare it in the
3713 root element of their document as the default namespace. Then they don't need
3714 to use the prefix in the content but we will have a basis for future semantic
3715 refinement and merging of data from different sources. This doesn't increase
3716 the size of the XML output significantly, but significantly increases its
3717 value in the long-term. Example:</p>
3718 <pre><mydoc xmlns="http://mydoc.example.org/schemas/">
3719 <elem1>...</elem1>
3720 <elem2>...</elem2>
3721 </mydoc></pre>
3723 <p>The namespace value has to be an absolute URL, but the URL doesn't have to
3724 point to any existing resource on the Web. It will bind all the element and
3725 attributes with that URL. I suggest to use an URL within a domain you
3726 control, and that the URL should contain some kind of version information if
3727 possible. For example, <code>"http://www.gnome.org/gnumeric/1.0/"</code> is a
3728 good namespace scheme.</p>
3730 <p>Then when you load a file, make sure that a namespace carrying the
3731 version-independent prefix is installed on the root element of your document,
3732 and if the version information don't match something you know, warn the user
3733 and be liberal in what you accept as the input. Also do *not* try to base
3734 namespace checking on the prefix value. <foo:text> may be exactly the
3735 same as <bar:text> in another document. What really matters is the URI
3736 associated with the element or the attribute, not the prefix string (which is
3737 just a shortcut for the full URI). In libxml, element and attributes have an
3738 <code>ns</code> field pointing to an xmlNs structure detailing the namespace
3739 prefix and its URI.</p>
3741 <p>@@Interfaces@@</p>
3745 <p>Usually people object to using namespaces together with validity checking.
3746 I will try to make sure that using namespaces won't break validity checking,
3747 so even if you plan to use or currently are using validation I strongly
3748 suggest adding namespaces to your document. A default namespace scheme
3749 <code>xmlns="http://...."</code> should not break validity even on less
3750 flexible parsers. Using namespaces to mix and differentiate content coming
3751 from multiple DTDs will certainly break current validation schemes. I will
3752 try to provide ways to do this, but this may not be portable or
3755 <h2><a name="Upgrading">Upgrading 1.x code</a></h2>
3757 <p>Incompatible changes:</p>
3759 <p>Version 2 of libxml2 is the first version introducing serious backward
3760 incompatible changes. The main goals were:</p>
3762 <li>a general cleanup. A number of mistakes inherited from the very early
3763 versions couldn't be changed due to compatibility constraints. Example
3764 the "childs" element in the nodes.</li>
3765 <li>Uniformization of the various nodes, at least for their header and link
3766 parts (doc, parent, children, prev, next), the goal is a simpler
3767 programming model and simplifying the task of the DOM implementors.</li>
3768 <li>better conformances to the XML specification, for example version 1.x
3769 had an heuristic to try to detect ignorable white spaces. As a result the
3770 SAX event generated were ignorableWhitespace() while the spec requires
3771 character() in that case. This also mean that a number of DOM node
3772 containing blank text may populate the DOM tree which were not present
3776 <h3>How to fix libxml-1.x code:</h3>
3778 <p>So client code of libxml designed to run with version 1.x may have to be
3779 changed to compile against version 2.x of libxml. Here is a list of changes
3780 that I have collected, they may not be sufficient, so in case you find other
3781 change which are required, <a href="mailto:Daniel.Ïeillardw3.org">drop me a
3784 <li>The package name have changed from libxml to libxml2, the library name
3785 is now -lxml2 . There is a new xml2-config script which should be used to
3786 select the right parameters libxml2</li>
3787 <li>Node <strong>childs</strong> field has been renamed
3788 <strong>children</strong> so s/childs/children/g should be applied
3789 (probability of having "childs" anywhere else is close to 0+</li>
3790 <li>The document don't have anymore a <strong>root</strong> element it has
3791 been replaced by <strong>children</strong> and usually you will get a
3792 list of element here. For example a Dtd element for the internal subset
3793 and it's declaration may be found in that list, as well as processing
3794 instructions or comments found before or after the document root element.
3795 Use <strong>xmlDocGetRootElement(doc)</strong> to get the root element of
3796 a document. Alternatively if you are sure to not reference DTDs nor have
3797 PIs or comments before or after the root element
3798 s/->root/->children/g will probably do it.</li>
3799 <li>The white space issue, this one is more complex, unless special case of
3800 validating parsing, the line breaks and spaces usually used for indenting
3801 and formatting the document content becomes significant. So they are
3802 reported by SAX and if your using the DOM tree, corresponding nodes are
3803 generated. Too approach can be taken:
3805 <li>lazy one, use the compatibility call
3806 <strong>xmlKeepBlanksDefault(0)</strong> but be aware that you are
3807 relying on a special (and possibly broken) set of heuristics of
3808 libxml to detect ignorable blanks. Don't complain if it breaks or
3809 make your application not 100% clean w.r.t. to it's input.</li>
3810 <li>the Right Way: change you code to accept possibly insignificant
3811 blanks characters, or have your tree populated with weird blank text
3812 nodes. You can spot them using the commodity function
3813 <strong>xmlIsBlankNode(node)</strong> returning 1 for such blank
3816 <p>Note also that with the new default the output functions don't add any
3817 extra indentation when saving a tree in order to be able to round trip
3818 (read and save) without inflating the document with extra formatting
3821 <li>The include path has changed to $prefix/libxml/ and the includes
3822 themselves uses this new prefix in includes instructions... If you are
3823 using (as expected) the
3824 <pre>xml2-config --cflags</pre>
3825 <p>output to generate you compile commands this will probably work out of
3828 <li>xmlDetectCharEncoding takes an extra argument indicating the length in
3829 byte of the head of the document available for character detection.</li>
3832 <h3>Ensuring both libxml-1.x and libxml-2.x compatibility</h3>
3834 <p>Two new version of libxml (1.8.11) and libxml2 (2.3.4) have been released
3835 to allow smooth upgrade of existing libxml v1code while retaining
3836 compatibility. They offers the following:</p>
3838 <li>similar include naming, one should use
3839 <strong>#include<libxml/...></strong> in both cases.</li>
3840 <li>similar identifiers defined via macros for the child and root fields:
3841 respectively <strong>xmlChildrenNode</strong> and
3842 <strong>xmlRootNode</strong></li>
3843 <li>a new macro <strong>LIBXML_TEST_VERSION</strong> which should be
3844 inserted once in the client code</li>
3847 <p>So the roadmap to upgrade your existing libxml applications is the
3850 <li>install the libxml-1.8.8 (and libxml-devel-1.8.8) packages</li>
3851 <li>find all occurrences where the xmlDoc <strong>root</strong> field is
3852 used and change it to <strong>xmlRootNode</strong></li>
3853 <li>similarly find all occurrences where the xmlNode
3854 <strong>childs</strong> field is used and change it to
3855 <strong>xmlChildrenNode</strong></li>
3856 <li>add a <strong>LIBXML_TEST_VERSION</strong> macro somewhere in your
3857 <strong>main()</strong> or in the library init entry point</li>
3858 <li>Recompile, check compatibility, it should still work</li>
3859 <li>Change your configure script to look first for xml2-config and fall
3860 back using xml-config . Use the --cflags and --libs output of the command
3861 as the Include and Linking parameters needed to use libxml.</li>
3862 <li>install libxml2-2.3.x and libxml2-devel-2.3.x (libxml-1.8.y and
3863 libxml-devel-1.8.y can be kept simultaneously)</li>
3864 <li>remove your config.cache, relaunch your configuration mechanism, and
3865 recompile, if steps 2 and 3 were done right it should compile as-is</li>
3866 <li>Test that your application is still running correctly, if not this may
3867 be due to extra empty nodes due to formating spaces being kept in libxml2
3868 contrary to libxml1, in that case insert xmlKeepBlanksDefault(1) in your
3869 code before calling the parser (next to
3870 <strong>LIBXML_TEST_VERSION</strong> is a fine place).</li>
3873 <p>Following those steps should work. It worked for some of my own code.</p>
3875 <p>Let me put some emphasis on the fact that there is far more changes from
3876 libxml 1.x to 2.x than the ones you may have to patch for. The overall code
3877 has been considerably cleaned up and the conformance to the XML specification
3878 has been drastically improved too. Don't take those changes as an excuse to
3879 not upgrade, it may cost a lot on the long term ...</p>
3881 <h2><a name="Thread">Thread safety</a></h2>
3883 <p>Starting with 2.4.7, libxml2 makes provisions to ensure that concurrent
3884 threads can safely work in parallel parsing different documents. There is
3885 however a couple of things to do to ensure it:</p>
3887 <li>configure the library accordingly using the --with-threads options</li>
3888 <li>call xmlInitParser() in the "main" thread before using any of the
3889 libxml2 API (except possibly selecting a different memory allocator)</li>
3892 <p>Note that the thread safety cannot be ensured for multiple threads sharing
3893 the same document, the locking must be done at the application level, libxml
3894 exports a basic mutex and reentrant mutexes API in <libxml/threads.h>.
3895 The parts of the library checked for thread safety are:</p>
3897 <li>concurrent loading</li>
3898 <li>file access resolution</li>
3899 <li>catalog access</li>
3900 <li>catalog building</li>
3901 <li>entities lookup/accesses</li>
3903 <li>global variables per-thread override</li>
3904 <li>memory handling</li>
3907 <p>XPath is supposed to be thread safe now, but this wasn't tested
3910 <h2><a name="DOM"></a><a name="Principles">DOM Principles</a></h2>
3912 <p><a href="http://www.w3.org/DOM/">DOM</a> stands for the <em>Document
3913 Object Model</em>; this is an API for accessing XML or HTML structured
3914 documents. Native support for DOM in Gnome is on the way (module gnome-dom),
3915 and will be based on gnome-xml. This will be a far cleaner interface to
3916 manipulate XML files within Gnome since it won't expose the internal
3919 <p>The current DOM implementation on top of libxml2 is the <a
3920 href="http://cvs.gnome.org/lxr/source/gdome2/">gdome2 Gnome module</a>, this
3921 is a full DOM interface, thanks to Paolo Casarini, check the <a
3922 href="http://www.cs.unibo.it/~casarini/gdome2/">Gdome2 homepage</a> for more
3925 <h2><a name="Example"></a><a name="real">A real example</a></h2>
3927 <p>Here is a real size example, where the actual content of the application
3928 data is not kept in the DOM tree but uses internal structures. It is based on
3929 a proposal to keep a database of jobs related to Gnome, with an XML based
3930 storage structure. Here is an <a href="gjobs.xml">XML encoded jobs
3932 <pre><?xml version="1.0"?>
3933 <gjob:Helping xmlns:gjob="http://www.gnome.org/some-location">
3937 <gjob:Project ID="3"/>
3938 <gjob:Application>GBackup</gjob:Application>
3939 <gjob:Category>Development</gjob:Category>
3942 <gjob:Status>Open</gjob:Status>
3943 <gjob:Modified>Mon, 07 Jun 1999 20:27:45 -0400 MET DST</gjob:Modified>
3944 <gjob:Salary>USD 0.00</gjob:Salary>
3945 </gjob:Update>
3947 <gjob:Developers>
3948 <gjob:Developer>
3949 </gjob:Developer>
3950 </gjob:Developers>
3952 <gjob:Contact>
3953 <gjob:Person>Nathan Clemons</gjob:Person>
3954 <gjob:Email>nathan@windsofstorm.net</gjob:Email>
3955 <gjob:Company>
3956 </gjob:Company>
3957 <gjob:Organisation>
3958 </gjob:Organisation>
3959 <gjob:Webpage>
3960 </gjob:Webpage>
3961 <gjob:Snailmail>
3962 </gjob:Snailmail>
3965 </gjob:Contact>
3967 <gjob:Requirements>
3968 The program should be released as free software, under the GPL.
3969 </gjob:Requirements>
3972 </gjob:Skills>
3974 <gjob:Details>
3975 A GNOME based system that will allow a superuser to configure
3976 compressed and uncompressed files and/or file systems to be backed
3977 up with a supported media in the system. This should be able to
3978 perform via find commands generating a list of files that are passed
3979 to tar, dd, cpio, cp, gzip, etc., to be directed to the tape machine
3980 or via operations performed on the filesystem itself. Email
3981 notification and GUI status display very important.
3982 </gjob:Details>
3987 </gjob:Helping></pre>
3989 <p>While loading the XML file into an internal DOM tree is a matter of
3990 calling only a couple of functions, browsing the tree to gather the data and
3991 generate the internal structures is harder, and more error prone.</p>
3993 <p>The suggested principle is to be tolerant with respect to the input
3994 structure. For example, the ordering of the attributes is not significant,
3995 the XML specification is clear about it. It's also usually a good idea not to
3996 depend on the order of the children of a given node, unless it really makes
3997 things harder. Here is some code to parse the information for a person:</p>
4001 typedef struct person {
4009 } person, *personPtr;
4012 * And the code needed to parse it
4014 personPtr parsePerson(xmlDocPtr doc, xmlNsPtr ns, xmlNodePtr cur) {
4015 personPtr ret = NULL;
4017 DEBUG("parsePerson\n");
4019 * allocate the struct
4021 ret = (personPtr) malloc(sizeof(person));
4023 fprintf(stderr,"out of memory\n");
4026 memset(ret, 0, sizeof(person));
4028 /* We don't care what the top level element name is */
4029 cur = cur->xmlChildrenNode;
4030 while (cur != NULL) {
4031 if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Person")) && (cur->ns == ns))
4032 ret->name = xmlNodeListGetString(doc, cur->xmlChildrenNode, 1);
4033 if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Email")) && (cur->ns == ns))
4034 ret->email = xmlNodeListGetString(doc, cur->xmlChildrenNode, 1);
4041 <p>Here are a couple of things to notice:</p>
4043 <li>Usually a recursive parsing style is the more convenient one: XML data
4044 is by nature subject to repetitive constructs and usually exhibits highly
4045 structured patterns.</li>
4046 <li>The two arguments of type <em>xmlDocPtr</em> and <em>xmlNsPtr</em>,
4047 i.e. the pointer to the global XML document and the namespace reserved to
4048 the application. Document wide information are needed for example to
4049 decode entities and it's a good coding practice to define a namespace for
4050 your application set of data and test that the element and attributes
4051 you're analyzing actually pertains to your application space. This is
4052 done by a simple equality test (cur->ns == ns).</li>
4053 <li>To retrieve text and attributes value, you can use the function
4054 <em>xmlNodeListGetString</em> to gather all the text and entity reference
4055 nodes generated by the DOM output and produce an single text string.</li>
4058 <p>Here is another piece of code used to parse another level of the
4060 <pre>#include <libxml/tree.h>
4062 * a Description for a Job
4064 typedef struct job {
4070 personPtr developers[100]; /* using dynamic alloc is left as an exercise */
4074 * And the code needed to parse it
4076 jobPtr parseJob(xmlDocPtr doc, xmlNsPtr ns, xmlNodePtr cur) {
4079 DEBUG("parseJob\n");
4081 * allocate the struct
4083 ret = (jobPtr) malloc(sizeof(job));
4085 fprintf(stderr,"out of memory\n");
4088 memset(ret, 0, sizeof(job));
4090 /* We don't care what the top level element name is */
4091 cur = cur->xmlChildrenNode;
4092 while (cur != NULL) {
4094 if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Project")) && (cur->ns == ns)) {
4095 ret->projectID = xmlGetProp(cur, "ID");
4096 if (ret->projectID == NULL) {
4097 fprintf(stderr, "Project has no ID\n");
4100 if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Application")) && (cur->ns == ns))
4101 ret->application = xmlNodeListGetString(doc, cur->xmlChildrenNode, 1);
4102 if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Category")) && (cur->ns == ns))
4103 ret->category = xmlNodeListGetString(doc, cur->xmlChildrenNode, 1);
4104 if ((!strcmp(cur->name, "Contact")) && (cur->ns == ns))
4105 ret->contact = parsePerson(doc, ns, cur);
4112 <p>Once you are used to it, writing this kind of code is quite simple, but
4113 boring. Ultimately, it could be possible to write stubbers taking either C
4114 data structure definitions, a set of XML examples or an XML DTD and produce
4115 the code needed to import and export the content between C data and XML
4116 storage. This is left as an exercise to the reader :-)</p>
4118 <p>Feel free to use <a href="example/gjobread.c">the code for the full C
4119 parsing example</a> as a template, it is also available with Makefile in the
4120 Gnome CVS base under gnome-xml/example</p>
4122 <h2><a name="Contributi">Contributions</a></h2>
4124 <li>Bjorn Reese, William Brack and Thomas Broyer have provided a number of
4125 patches, Gary Pennington worked on the validation API, threading support
4126 and Solaris port.</li>
4127 <li>John Fleck helps maintaining the documentation and man pages.</li>
4128 <li><a href="mailto:igor@zlatkovic.com">Igor Zlatkovic</a> is now the
4129 maintainer of the Windows port, <a
4130 href="http://www.zlatkovic.com/projects/libxml/index.html">he provides
4132 <li><a href="mailto:Gary.Pennington@sun.com">Gary Pennington</a> provides
4133 <a href="http://garypennington.net/libxml2/">Solaris binaries</a></li>
4135 href="http://mail.gnome.org/archives/xml/2001-March/msg00014.html">Matt
4136 Sergeant</a> developed <a
4137 href="http://axkit.org/download/">XML::LibXSLT</a>, a Perl wrapper for
4138 libxml2/libxslt as part of the <a href="http://axkit.com/">AxKit XML
4139 application server</a></li>
4140 <li><a href="mailto:fnatter@gmx.net">Felix Natter</a> and <a
4141 href="mailto:geertk@ai.rug.nl">Geert Kloosterman</a> provide <a
4142 href="libxml-doc.el">an emacs module</a> to lookup libxml(2) functions
4144 <li><a href="mailto:sherwin@nlm.nih.gov">Ziying Sherwin</a> provided <a
4145 href="http://xmlsoft.org/messages/0488.html">man pages</a></li>
4146 <li>there is a module for <a
4147 href="http://acs-misc.sourceforge.net/nsxml.html">libxml/libxslt support
4148 in OpenNSD/AOLServer</a></li>
4149 <li><a href="mailto:dkuhlman@cutter.rexx.com">Dave Kuhlman</a> provided the
4150 first version of libxml/libxslt <a
4151 href="http://www.rexx.com/~dkuhlman">wrappers for Python</a></li>
4152 <li>Petr Kozelka provides <a
4153 href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/libxml2-pas">Pascal units to glue
4154 libxml2</a> with Kylix and Delphi and other Pascal compilers</li>
4155 <li><a href="mailto:aleksey@aleksey.com">Aleksey Sanin</a> implemented the
4156 <a href="http://www.w3.org/Signature/">XML Canonicalization and XML
4157 Digital Signature</a> <a
4158 href="http://www.aleksey.com/xmlsec/">implementations for libxml2</a></li>
4159 <li><a href="mailto:Steve.Ball@zveno.com">Steve Ball</a>, <a
4160 href="http://www.zveno.com/">Zveno</a> and contributors maintain <a
4161 href="http://tclxml.sourceforge.net/">tcl bindings for libxml2 and
4162 libxslt</a>, as well as <a
4163 href="http://tclxml.sf.net/tkxmllint.html">tkxmllint</a> a GUI for
4164 xmllint and <a href="http://tclxml.sf.net/tkxsltproc.html">tkxsltproc</a>
4165 a GUI for xsltproc.</li>